Field-Crop Soils in Eastern France: Coldspots of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Environmental Sampling
2.2. Physicochemical Analysis of Soils
2.3. Analysis of Soil Fungicide Levels
2.3.1. Extraction and Analysis
2.3.2. Experiment Validation
2.4. Isolation and Identification of A. fumigatus from Soils
2.5. Assessment of Fungal Load by qPCR
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physicochemical and Fungicide Analyses of Soils
3.2. Fungal Analysis of Soils
3.3. Characterisation of the Fungal Environment
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Structural Analysis | Chemical Analysis | Mycological Analysis | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plot ID | Crop | Area (ha) | Azole Molecules Sprayed over the Two Years before Sampling | OM (%) | pH | Silt (%) | Sand (%) | Clay (%) | TBC (ng/g) | EPC (ng/g) | Aspergillus fumigatus/g of Soil | |
Lorraine | BP | wheat | 3.0 | Organic farming | 6.2 | 7.9 | 56.9 | 8.6 | 34.5 | 6.0 | <QL | 17 |
CBP | wheat | 3.1 | Organic farming | 5.6 | 5.9 | 53.1 | 19.8 | 27.1 | 6.2 | <QL | 0 | |
PP | wheat | 20.5 | TBC, PTC, MTC | 7.3 | 7.2 | 47.1 | 10 | 42.9 | 7.1 | 4.2 | 0 | |
PCP | wheat | 9.3 | TBC, PTC, MTC | 4.5 | 5.9 | 37.9 | 45 | 17.1 | 7.1 | <QL | 17 | |
RP | wheat | 12.6 | TBC, PTC, MTC | 6.3 | 6.3 | 61.4 | 9 | 29.6 | 8.1 | 4.6 | 17 | |
DJP | wheat | 22.6 | TBC, PTC, MTC | 5.5 | 5.9 | 65.2 | 4.5 | 30.3 | 19.1 | <QL | 467 | |
VSP | wheat | 7.9 | TBC, PTC, MTC | 3.7 | 5.2 | 63.8 | 4.1 | 32.1 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 367 | |
EP | wheat | 7.2 | TBC, PTC, MTC | 5.1 | 6.2 | 67.9 | 4.9 | 27.2 | 6.6 | 3.4 | 0 | |
TP | wheat | 1.5 | TBC, PTC, MTC | 10.1 | 6.8 | 46.7 | 1.8 | 51.5 | 6.2 | <QL | 150 | |
GCP | wheat | 12.1 | TBC, PTC | 7.6 | 7.9 | 47 | 7.5 | 45.5 | 6.0 | 3.2 | 17 | |
LIP | wheat | 7.3 | TBC, PTC, MTC | 4.9 | 6.6 | 25.1 | 64.1 | 10.8 | 7.0 | <QL | 33 | |
Burgundy | POP | fallow | 16.3 | Organic farming | 4.8 | 7.6 | 55.6 | 6.7 | 37.7 | 5.6 | <QL | 83 |
MJP | maize | 4.4 | No azole | 5.1 | 8 | 59.4 | 13.2 | 27.4 | 5.7 | <QL | 67 | |
CHP | maize | 3.0 | No azole | 3.4 | 6.8 | 60.8 | 11.6 | 27.6 | 5.9 | <QL | 17 | |
MOP | maize | 8.9 | No azole | 6.9 | 7.8 | 62.7 | 11.8 | 25.5 | 5.5 | <QL | 433 | |
PIV | wheat | 16.0 | PTC | 4.3 | 6.9 | 63.2 | 8.7 | 28.1 | 5.9 | <QL | 0 | |
QUP | wheat | 12.0 | TBC, PTC, DFC | 5.8 | 7.9 | 42.5 | 13.7 | 43.8 | 11.0 | <QL | 100 | |
MAP | wheat | 6.4 | TBC, PTC, DFC | 5.1 | 6.5 | 60.8 | 5.4 | 33.8 | 10.7 | <QL | 50 | |
BGP | wheat | 2.9 | TBC, PTC | 9.1 | 7.9 | 57.4 | 7.3 | 35.3 | 9.8 | <QL | 50 | |
PPF | oilseed rape | 7.4 | MTC, PTC (90 g/L) | 7.4 | 7.6 | 52.7 | 6.2 | 41.1 | 8.1 | <QL | 0 | |
SFP | oilseed rape | 16.3 | MTC, PTC | 7.7 | 7.7 | 52.9 | 13.2 | 33.9 | 12.2 | <QL | 600 | |
LHP | oilseed rape | 11.5 | MTC, PTC | 7.6 | 7.7 | 12.3 | 58.3 | 29.4 | 14.7 | <QL | 83 |
Samples | Number of ARAf per Sample (Culture Media) | Aspergillus fumigatus qPCR, Mean Quantity (ng/µL) | Pan Fungal qPCR, Mean Quantity (ng/µL) |
---|---|---|---|
A22 | 0 | 0.000959 | 270.5 |
D3 | 1 | 0.0246 | 74.85 |
D9 | 3 | 0.05935 | 44.1 |
D2 | 4 | 0.07415 | 49.3 |
D10 | 8 | 0.0943 | 98.1 |
A27 | 5 | 0.10265 | 113 |
D8 | 8 | 0.1175 | 203.5 |
median quantity (qPCR) | 0.07415 | 98.1 | |
mean quantity (qPCR) | 0.0676441 | 121.9 | |
minimal quantity (qPCR) | 0.000959 | 44.1 | |
maximal quantity (qPCR) | 0.1175 | 270.5 |
Determination Coefficient | QL (ng/g) | RSD (%) | Recovery (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Propiconazole | 0.9987 | 9.0 | 17 | 102 |
Tebuconazole | 0.9981 | 2.7 | 16 | 107 |
Epoxiconazole | 0.9985 | 2.5 | 20 | 91 |
Bromuconazole | 0.9983 | 7.6 | 21 | 94 |
Difenoconazole | 0.9972 | 13.8 | 21 | 97 |
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Godeau, C.; Morin-Crini, N.; Crini, G.; Guillemin, J.-P.; Voisin, A.-S.; Dousset, S.; Rocchi, S. Field-Crop Soils in Eastern France: Coldspots of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060618
Godeau C, Morin-Crini N, Crini G, Guillemin J-P, Voisin A-S, Dousset S, Rocchi S. Field-Crop Soils in Eastern France: Coldspots of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(6):618. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060618
Chicago/Turabian StyleGodeau, Chloé, Nadia Morin-Crini, Grégorio Crini, Jean-Philippe Guillemin, Anne-Sophie Voisin, Sylvie Dousset, and Steffi Rocchi. 2023. "Field-Crop Soils in Eastern France: Coldspots of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 6: 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9060618