Morphology, Phenotype, and Molecular Identification of Clinical and Environmental Fusarium solani Species Complex Isolates from Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fungal Isolates
2.2. Morphological Examination
2.3. DNA Extraction and PCR Amplification
2.4. DNA Sequencing and Analysis of TEF1-α and RPB2 Sequences
2.5. Phylogenetic Analyses
2.6. Fusarium Growth Characteristics
3. Results
3.1. Molecular Identification
3.2. Morphological Characteristics
3.2.1. Colony Morphology
3.2.2. Microconidia and Chlamydospores
3.2.3. Macroconidia
3.3. Growth of F. keratoplasticum, F. striatum and F. falciforme in PDB and RPMI
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isolate | Source 1 | Species | MLST Type 2 | GenBank Accession Number | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEF1-α | RPB2 | ||||
Clinical Isolates | |||||
Fp667 | Eye | F. petroliphilum | 1-b | MN178239 | MN263125 |
Fk620 | Skin | F. keratoplasticum | 2-a | MN178238 | MN263124 |
Fk2781 | Nail | F. keratoplasticum | 2-a | MN178234 | MN263120 |
Fk2309 | Nail | F. keratoplasticum | 2-f | MN178231 | MN263117 |
Fk553 | Skin | F. keratoplasticum | 2-h | MN178237 | MN263123 |
Fk2353 | Nail | F. keratoplasticum | 2-h | MN178232 | MN263118 |
Fk994 | Nail | F. keratoplasticum | 2-h | MN178240 | MN263126 |
Fk0168 | Blood | F. keratoplasticum | 2-h | MN178228 | MN263114 |
Fk2622 | Nail | F. keratoplasticum | 2-h | MN178233 | MN263119 |
Fk1049 * | Nail | F. keratoplasticum | 2-h | MN178241 | MN263127 |
Fk1931 * | Nail | F. keratoplasticum | 2-k | MN178230 | MN263116 |
Fk1930 * | Nail | F. keratoplasticum | 2-k | MN178229 | MN263115 |
Ff0020 * | Eye | F. falciforme | 3+4-k | MN178227 | MN263113 |
Fstr541 | Blood | F. striatum | 21 | MN178236 | MN263122 |
Fs263 * | Eye | F. suttonianum | 20-c | MN178235 | MN263121 |
Environmental isolates | |||||
FkDI17 | Grass | F. keratoplasticum | 2-a | MN178221 | MN263107 |
FkDir61 | Grass | F. keratoplasticum | 2-a | MN178225 | MN263111 |
Ff4225 | Tobacco | F. falciforme | 3+4-k | MN178212 | MN263098 |
Ff4290 | Straw compost | F. falciforme | 3+4-k | MN178215 | MN263101 |
Ff4324 ** | Soil | F. falciforme | 3+4-k | MN178216 | MN263102 |
Ff4325 | Honeydew | F. falciforme | 3+4-k | MN178217 | MN263103 |
FwgDE4 ** | Soil | F. waltergamsii | 7-b | MN178218 | MN263104 |
FspDE40 ** | Soil | Fusarium sp. | 12-a | MN178220 | MN263106 |
Fs3769 | Coconut tree | F. suttonianum | 20-c | MN178207 | MN263093 |
Fs3784 | Mangrove | F. suttonianum | 20-c | MN178209 | MN263094 |
Fs3873 | Grass | F. suttonianum | 20-c | MN178208 | MN263095 |
Fs3924 | Sugarcane | F. suttonianum | 20-c | MN178210 | MN263096 |
Fs4279 | Dragon fruit | F. suttonianum | 20-c | MN178214 | MN263100 |
FcDir16 ** | Soil | F. cyanescens | 27-a | MN178223 | MN263109 |
FcDir23 ** | Soil | F. cyanescens | 27-a | MN178224 | MN263110 |
Isolate 1 | Mycelial Growth on PDA at 28 °C (Day-9) | Length and Width of Macroconidia (µm) 2,3,4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Top View | Viewed from Underneath | Colony Diameter (mm) | 2 and 3 Septa | 4 and 5 Septa | |||
Length | Width | Length | Width | ||||
CLINICAL ISOLATES (10) | |||||||
Fp667 | white, brown | brown, yellow | 55 | 27.10 ± 3.65 | 2.79 ± 0.41 | 30.61 ± 2.68 | 2.99 ± 0.39 |
Fk620 | White | white | 70 | none | none | none | none |
Fk2781 | white brownish | yellow | 66 | 23.68 ± 2.95 | 3.05 ± 0.52 | none | none |
Fk2309 | white with purple stripes | white | 55 | 21.37 ± 2.56 | 3.04 ± 0.47 | none | none |
Fk553 | White | yellow | 66 | none | none | none | none |
Fk2353 | white with purplish dark spots | white | 60 | 20.85 ± 1.93 | 3.02 ± 0.46 | none | none |
Fk994 | white, brown | orange | 63 | 21.71 ± 3.22 | 2.91 ± 0.49 | none | none |
Fk0168 | White | yellow | 68 | none | none | none | none |
Fk2622 | White | white | 58 | none | none | none | none |
Fstr541 | dark brown, white | dark brown, yellow | 65 | 26.63 ± 3.47 | 2.44 ± 0.47 | 31.49 ± 9.90 | 2.81 ± 0.49 |
ENVIRONMENTAL ISOLATES (15) | |||||||
FkDI17 | White | yellow | 78 | 24.56 ± 1.92 | 2.95 ± 0.50 | none | none |
FkDir61 | white, dark brown, yellow, green | dark brown, orange, yellow | 46 | none | none | none | none |
Ff4225 | white, dark brown | dark brown, orange, yellow | 78 | 21.50 ± 1.64 | 3.37 ± 0.35 | none | none |
Ff4290 | White | Yellow | 76 | 25.51 ± 3.31 | 3.53 ± 0.53 | none | none |
Ff4324 | white, purple | white, purple | 78 | 25.82 ± 2.00 | 3.27 ± 0.51 | none | none |
Ff4325 | white, brown | Brown | 70 | 30.09 ± 2.71 | 3.07 ± 0.39 | none | none |
FwgDE4 | white, brown | brown, yellow | 75 | 30.68 ± 3.51 | 2.95 ± 0.52 | 40.56 ± 2.79 | 2.92 ± 0.45 |
FspDE40 | white, dark brown | dark brown, orange | 49 | 40.71 ± 2.15 | 2.98 ± 0.49 | 47.65 ± 4.27 | 2.94 ± 0.43 |
Fs3769 | White | yellow | 80 | 24.83 ± 3.04 | 3.17 ± 0.42 | 41.02 ± 2.91 | 3.29 ± 0.41 |
Fs3784 | dark brown, white | dark brown, yellow | 85 | none | none | none | none |
Fs3873 | White | white | 80 | 33.18 ± 2.14 | 3.30 ± 0.54 | 41.32 ± 2.43 | 3.07 ± 0.52 |
Fs3924 | White | yellow | 85 | 25.29 ± 5.02 | 3.31 ± 0.39 | none | none |
Fs4279 | White | yellow | 73 | none | none | none | none |
FcDir16 | white, dark brown | dark brown, orange, yellow | 63 | 41.56 ± 2.83 | 2.86 ± 0.41 | 50.76 ± 3.86 | 2.74 ± 0.39 |
FcDir23 | White | white | 63 | 29.85 ± 4.89 | 3.02 ± 0.51 | 36.71 ± 1.37 | 2.95 ± 0.36 |
Species | Macroconidia 1 | |
---|---|---|
Length (µm) | Width (µm) | |
F. keratoplasticum (n = 5) 2 | 22.43 ± 1.60 | 2.99 ± 0.06 |
F. falciforme (n = 4) | 25.70 ± 3.51 | 3.32 ± 0.19 |
F. suttonianum (n = 3) 3 | 27.77 ± 4.69 | 3.26 ± 0.06 |
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James, J.E.; Santhanam, J.; Zakaria, L.; Mamat Rusli, N.; Abu Bakar, M.; Suetrong, S.; Sakayaroj, J.; Abdul Razak, M.F.; Lamping, E.; Cannon, R.D. Morphology, Phenotype, and Molecular Identification of Clinical and Environmental Fusarium solani Species Complex Isolates from Malaysia. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080845
James JE, Santhanam J, Zakaria L, Mamat Rusli N, Abu Bakar M, Suetrong S, Sakayaroj J, Abdul Razak MF, Lamping E, Cannon RD. Morphology, Phenotype, and Molecular Identification of Clinical and Environmental Fusarium solani Species Complex Isolates from Malaysia. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(8):845. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080845
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames, Jasper E., Jacinta Santhanam, Latiffah Zakaria, Nuraini Mamat Rusli, Mariahyati Abu Bakar, Satinee Suetrong, Jariya Sakayaroj, Mohd Fuat Abdul Razak, Erwin Lamping, and Richard D. Cannon. 2022. "Morphology, Phenotype, and Molecular Identification of Clinical and Environmental Fusarium solani Species Complex Isolates from Malaysia" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8: 845. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080845