Beneficial Features of Biochar and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza for Improving Spinach Plant Growth, Root Morphological Traits, Physiological Properties, and Soil Enzymatic Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Measurement of Root Morphological Traits of Spinach
2.3. Physiological Parameters Measurement
2.4. Analysis of AMF Spores from Soil
2.5. Analysis of Soil Microbial Biomass Determination
2.6. Analysis of Soil Enzymes
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Biochar and AMF on Growth of Spinach Plants
4.2. The Effect of Biochar and AMF on Root Morphological Traits
4.3. Effect of Biochar and AMF on Plant Physiological Properties
4.4. Effect of Biochar and AMF on AMF Spore Number, Microbial Biomass, and Soil Enzymatic Activity
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jabborova, D.; Annapurna, K.; Paul, S.; Kumar, S.; Saad, H.A.; Desouky, S.; Ibrahim, M.F.M.; Elkelish, A. Beneficial Features of Biochar and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza for Improving Spinach Plant Growth, Root Morphological Traits, Physiological Properties, and Soil Enzymatic Activities. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070571
Jabborova D, Annapurna K, Paul S, Kumar S, Saad HA, Desouky S, Ibrahim MFM, Elkelish A. Beneficial Features of Biochar and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza for Improving Spinach Plant Growth, Root Morphological Traits, Physiological Properties, and Soil Enzymatic Activities. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(7):571. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070571
Chicago/Turabian StyleJabborova, Dilfuza, Kannepalli Annapurna, Sangeeta Paul, Sudhir Kumar, Hosam A. Saad, Said Desouky, Mohamed F. M. Ibrahim, and Amr Elkelish. 2021. "Beneficial Features of Biochar and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza for Improving Spinach Plant Growth, Root Morphological Traits, Physiological Properties, and Soil Enzymatic Activities" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7: 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070571