Effects of Glucosinolate-Derived Isothiocyanates on Fungi: A Comprehensive Review on Direct Effects, Mechanisms, Structure-Activity Relationship Data and Possible Agricultural Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Direct Antifungal Effects of Glucosinolate-Derived Isothiocyanates
Isothiocyanate | Source of ITC | Fungal Strains | Fungus Functions | Activity | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aliphatic | |||||
2(R)-2OH-3BuITC | Brassica napus GSL + Sinapis alba MYR | Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa, Mucor piriformis, Penicillium expansum | PP | CG | [32] |
2(S)-2OH-3BuITC | Crambe abyssinica GSL + S. alba MYR | Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotricum coccodes, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Fusarium culmorum, F. oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [6] |
3-BuITC | standard | Metarhizium anisopliae | EP | CG, MG | [33] |
3-BuITC | std. | Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium graminearum, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [34] |
3-BuITC | B. napus GSL + S. alba MYR | Monilinia laxa, Mucor piriformis | PP | CG | [32] |
3-BuITC | Brassica rapa GSL + S. alba MYR | Fusarium culmorum | PP | MG | [6] |
3-BuITC | Brassica plant GSL + S. alba MYR | Leptosphaeria maculans | PP | MG | [35] |
3-BuITC | std. | Alternaria brassicae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [18] |
4-ITCBuA | synthesized | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [36] |
4-PeITC | std. | Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium graminearum, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [34] |
4-PeITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, Candida holmii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV | MG | [37] |
4-PeITC | std. | Alternaria brassicae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [18] |
AITC | std. | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [17] |
AITC | std. | Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | SCG | [38] |
AITC | std. | Aspergillus parasiticus, Penicillium expansum | MT | MG | [39] |
AITC | std. | Aspergillus flavus, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum | PP, MT | CG, MG | [40] |
AITC | std. | Alternaria brassicae, A. brassicicola | PP | CG, MG | [41] |
AITC | std. | Fusarium oxysporum | PP | CG, MG, SPG | [42] |
AITC | std. | Aspergillus niger | PP | MG | [43] |
AITC | std. | Metarhizium anisopliae | EP | CG, MG | [33] |
AITC | std. | Colletotricum coccodes, Helminthosporium solani, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [44] |
AITC | std. | Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus parasiticus, Fusarium tricinctum, F. verticilloides, Gibberella zeae | MT | mycotoxin production | [45] |
AITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG, biofilm formation | [46] |
AITC | std. | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [47] |
AITC | std. | Pleiochaeta setosa | PP | MG | [48] |
AITC | std. | Geotrichum citri-aurantii | PP | CG, MG | [49] |
AITC | std. | Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Oidiodendron cerealis, Paraphoma radicina, Setophoma terrestris | endophyte | MG | [50] |
AITC | std. & synt. | Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. oryzae, Cephalothecium roseum, Cladosporium herbarum, Cytospora sp., Fusarium sp., Monilia sitophila, P. brevicompactum, P. cyclopium, Rhizopus oryzae, Schizophyllum commune, Trichoderma viride, Trichophyton gypseum | PP, ENV, HR | MG | [51] |
AITC | std. | Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium graminearum, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [34] |
AITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [52] |
AITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, Candida holmii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV | MG | [37] |
AITC | std. | Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum | PP | CG, MG | [53] |
AITC | std. | Penicillium notatum | ENV | MG | [54] |
AITC | Brassica juncea GSL + S. alba MYR | Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa, Mucor piriformis, Penicillium expansum, Rhizopus stolonifer | PP | CG | [32] |
AITC | B. juncea GSL + S. alba MYR | Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotricum coccodes, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Fusarium culmorum, F. oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [6] |
AITC | std. sinigrin + std. MYR | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | N.I. | MG | [55] |
AITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [56] |
AITC | B. juncea GSL + S. alba MYR | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | soil colonisation | [28] |
AITC | Brassica plant GSL + S. alba MYR | Leptosphaeria maculans | PP | MG | [35] |
AITC | std. | Gaeumannomyces graminis | PP | MG | [57] |
AITC | std. | Glomus clarum | ENV | SPG | [58] |
AITC | std. | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [17] |
AITC | std. | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG, SCG | [59] |
AITC | std. | Sclerotium rolfsii | PP | MG | [60] |
AITC | std. | Sclerotium rolfsii | PP | MG | [61] |
AITC | std. sinigrin + std. MYR | Verticillium longisporum | PP | MG | [25] |
AITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [62] |
AITC | std. | Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [63] |
AITC | std. | Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea | EP | CG | [64] |
AITC | std. | Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, Botryotinia fuckeliana, Fusarium oxysporum, Geotrichum spp., Penicillium expansum, P. roqueforti, P. verrucosum, Rhizopus stolonifer | ENV | MG | [65] |
AITC | std. | Aspergillus fumigatus, A. nomius, A. niger, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Eupenicillum hirayamae, Penicillium cinna-mopurpureum, P. expansum, P. viridicatum, Trichophyton rubrum | HR, ENV | MG | [66] |
AITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, Penicillium citrinum | ENV | MG | [67] |
AITC | std. | Candida albicans | ENV | MG | [68] |
AITC | std. | Botrytis cinerea | PP | CG, MG | [69] |
AITC | std. | Aspergillus flavus | MT | MG, mycotoxin production | [70] |
AITC | std. | Alternaria brassicae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [18] |
AITC | std. sinigrin + transgenic MYR | Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [71] |
AITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, Aureobasidium pullulans, Fomitopsis palustris, Gliocladium virens, Penicillium funiculosurn, Rhizopus stolonifer, Trametes versicolor | ENV | regrowth on wood specimens | [72] |
AITC | std. | Aspergillus niger | PP | MG, SPG | [73] |
AITC | std. | Phymatotrichopsis omnivora | PP | MG | [74] |
AITC | std. | Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium dahliae | PP | MG | [75] |
AITC | std. | Aspergillus flavus | ENV | MG | [76] |
AITC | std. | Penicillium nordicum | ENV | MG | [77] |
AITC | std. | Aspergillus parasiticus | MT | MG | [78] |
AITC | std. | Alternaria alternata | PP | MG | [79] |
BuITC | std. | Fusarium oxysporum | PP | CG, SPG | [42] |
BuITC | std. | Metarhizium anisopliae | EP | CG, MG | [33] |
BuITC | std. | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG, SCG | [47] |
BuITC | std. | Geotrichum citri-aurantii | PP | CG, MG | [49] |
BuITC | std. | Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. oryzae, Cladosporium herbarum, Monilia sitophila, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. cyclopium, Trichoderma viride | PP, ENV | MG | [51] |
BuITC | synt. | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [80] |
BuITC | std. | Phymatotrichopsis omnivora | PP | MG | [74] |
EITC | std. | Fusarium oxysporum | PP | CG, MG, SPG | [42] |
EITC | std. | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG, SCG | [47] |
EITC | std. | Geotrichum citri-aurantii | PP | CG, MG | [49] |
EITC | std. & synt. | Aspergillus niger | PP | MG | [51] |
EITC | synt. | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [80] |
EITC | std. | Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum | PP | CG, MG | [53] |
HexITC | std. & synt. | Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium, Rhizopus oryzae | PP | MG | [51] |
HexITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [52] |
HexITC | synt. | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [80] |
iBuITC | std. & synt. | Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium, Rhizopus oryzae | PP | MG | [51] |
iPrITC | std. | Colletotricum coccodes, Helminthosporium solani, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [44] |
iPrITC | std. & synt. | Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium, Rhizopus oryzae | PP | MG | [51] |
MeITC | std. | Colletotricum coccodes, Helminthosporium solani | PP | MG | [44] |
MeITC | std. | Geotrichum citri-aurantii | PP | CG, MG | [49] |
MeITC | std. & synt. | Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. oryzae, Cladosporium herbarum, Monilia sitophila, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. cyclopium, Trichoderma viride | PP, ENV | MG | [51] |
MeITC | std. | Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium graminearum, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [34] |
MeITC | synt. | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [80] |
MeITC | std. | Gaeumannomyces graminis | PP | MG | [57] |
PeITC | std. | Metarhizium anisopliae | EP | CG, MG | [33] |
PeITC | std. & synt. | Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium, Rhizopus oryzae | PP | MG | [51] |
PeITC | synt. | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [80] |
PrITC | std. | Metarhizium anisopliae | EP | CG, MG | [33] |
PrITC | std. | Colletotricum coccodes, Helminthosporium solani, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [44] |
PrITC | std. & synt. | Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium, Rhizopus oryzae | PP | MG | [51] |
PrITC | synt. | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [80] |
Aromatic | |||||
2-OHPEITC | Barbarea vulgaris GSL + S. alba MYR | Fusarium culmorum | PP | MG | [6] |
3-MeOBnITC | synt. | Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans | HR, ENV | MG | [81] |
3-MeOBnITC | std. | Verticillium dahliae | PP | MG | [82] |
3-MeOBnITC | Salvadora persica | Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans | HR | MG | [83] |
3-OHBnITC | S. persica | Aspergillus niger | HR | MG | [83] |
3-PPrITC | synt. | Aspergillus brasiliensis, Candida albicans | HR, ENV | MG | [84] |
4-Ac-α-L-RhaBnITC | Moringa oleifera | Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum | HR | MG | [21] |
4-MeOBnITC | std. | Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, C. crusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans | HR | MG | [85] |
4-MeOBnITC | synt. | Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans | HR, ENV | MG | [81] |
4-MeOBnITC | std. & synt. | Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. oryzae, Cladosporium herbarum, Monilia sitophila, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. cyclopium, Trichoderma viride | PP, ENV | MG | [51] |
4-OHBnITC | S. alba GSL + S. alba MYR | Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa, Mucor piriformis, Penicillium expansum, Rhizopus stolonifer | PP | CG | [32] |
4-OHBnITC | S. alba GSL + S. alba MYR | Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa, Mucor piriformis, Penicillium expansum, Rhizopus stolonifer | PP | curative activity | [86] |
4-OHBnITC | S. alba GSL + S. alba MYR | Fusarium culmorum | PP | MG | [6] |
4-OHPEITC | std. | Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans | HR | MG | [85] |
4-PBuITC | synt. | Aspergillus brasiliensis, Candida albicans | HR, ENV | MG | [84] |
4-α-L-RhaBnITC | Moringa oleifera | Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum | HR | MG | [21] |
4-α-L-RhaBnITC | Moringa oleifera | Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans | HR, ENV | MG | [87] |
5-PPeITC | synt. | Aspergillus brasiliensis, Candida albicans | HR, ENV | MG | [84] |
BnITC | std. | Alternaria brassicae, A. brassicicola | PP | CG, MG | [41] |
BnITC | std. | Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis | HR | MG | [88] |
BnITC | std. | Alternaria alternata | PP | MG, SPG, mycotoxin production | [89] |
BnITC | std. | Fusarium oxysporum | PP | CG, SPG | [42] |
BnITC | std. | Colletotricum coccodes, Helminthosporium solani | PP | MG | [44] |
BnITC | synt. | Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans | HR, ENV | MG | [81] |
BnITC | std. | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG, SCG | [47] |
BnITC | std. | Geotrichum citri-aurantii | PP | CG, MG | [49] |
BnITC | std. & synt. | Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. oryzae, Cephalothecium roseum, Cladosporium herbarum, Cytospora sp., Fusarium sp., Monilia sitophila, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. cyclopium, Rhizopus oryzae, Schizophyllum commune, Trichoderma viride, Trichophyton gypseum | PP, ENV | MG | [51] |
BnITC | std. | Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium graminearum, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [34] |
BnITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [52] |
BnITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, Candida holmii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV | MG | [37] |
BnITC | Lepidium sativum GSL + S. alba MYR | Monilinia laxa, Mucor piriformis | PP | CG | [32] |
BnITC | L. sativum GSL + S. alba MYR | Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotricum coccodes, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Fusarium culmorum, F. oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [6] |
BnITC | std. | Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Fusarium solani, Microsporum canis, Pseudallescheria boydii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sporothrix schenckii, Trichophyton rubrum | HR, ENV | MG | [23] |
BnITC | synt. | Aspergillus brasiliensis, Candida albicans | HR, ENV | MG | [84] |
BnITC | std. | Alternaria brassicae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [18] |
BnITC | Salvadora persica | Aspergillus niger | HR | MG | [83] |
BnITC | std. | Phymatotrichopsis omnivora | PP | MG | [74] |
BnITC | std. | Aspergillus parasiticus | MT | MG | [78] |
BnITC | std. | Alternaria alternata | PP | MG | [79,90] |
PEITC | std. | Fusarium oxysporum | PP | CG, SPG | [42] |
PEITC | std. | Metarhizium anisopliae, Tolypocladium cylindrosporum | EP | MG | [91] |
PEITC | std. | Alternaria brassicae, A. macrospora, Aspergillus niger, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium spp., Gaeumannomyces graminis, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Pleiochaeta setosa, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia spp., Sclerotium rolfsii, Thielaviopsis basicola, Trichoderma sp. | PP, ENV | MG | [92] |
PEITC | std. | Metarhizium anisopliae | EP | CG, MG | [33] |
PEITC | std. | Colletotricum coccodes, Helminthosporium solani, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [44] |
PEITC | std. | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG, SCG | [47] |
PEITC | std. | Geotrichum citri-aurantii | PP | CG, MG | [49] |
PEITC | std. | Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Paraphoma radicina, Setophoma terrestris, Oidiodendron cerealis | endophyte | MG | [50] |
PEITC | std. & synt. | Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium, Rhizopus oryzae | PP | MG | [51] |
PEITC | std. | Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium graminearum, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [34] |
PEITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [52] |
PEITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, Candida holmii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV | MG | [37] |
PEITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Penicillium citrinum | ENV | MG | [93] |
PEITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [56] |
PEITC | std. | Gaeumannomyces graminis | PP | MG | [57] |
PEITC | std. | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG, SCG | [59] |
PEITC | synt. | Aspergillus brasiliensis, Candida albicans | HR, ENV | MG | [84] |
PEITC | std. | Alternaria brassicae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [18] |
PEITC | std. | Alternaria alternata | PP | MG | [79] |
PEITC | std. | Alternaria alternata | PP | MG, SPG | [94] |
PITC | std. | Fusarium oxysporum | PP | CG, SPG | [42] |
PITC | std. | Phymatotrichopsis omnivora | PP | MG | [74] |
PITC | std. | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG, SCG | [47] |
PITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [52] |
PITC | std. | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | N.I. | MG | [55] |
PITC | std. | Aspergillus parasiticus | MT | MG | [78] |
PITC | std. | Alternaria alternata | PP | MG | [79] |
Indole | |||||
1-MeO-3-IMeITC | Brassica plant GSL + S. alba MYR | Leptosphaeria maculans | PP | MG | [35] |
3-IMeITC | Brassica plant GSL + S. alba MYR | Leptosphaeria maculans | PP | MG | [35] |
rapalexin A | synt. | Alternaria brassicicola | PP | MG | [95] |
sinapigladioside | insect symbiont Burkholderia gladioli | Purpureocillium lilacinum | EP | MG | [96] |
Sulfur containing | |||||
3-MeSOOPrITC | std. & synt. | Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium, Rhizopus oryzae | PP | MG | [51] |
3-MeSOOPrITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, Candida holmii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV | MG | [37] |
3-MeSOOPrITC | Cheirantus annuus GSL + S. alba MYR | Fusarium culmorum | PP | MG | [6] |
3-MeSOPrITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [52] |
3-MeSOPrITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, Candida holmii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV | MG | [37] |
3-MeSOPrITC | Iberis amara GSL + S. alba MYR | Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotricum coccodes, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Fusarium culmorum, F. oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [6] |
3-MeSOPrITC | I. amara GSL + S. alba MYR | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | soil colonisation | [28] |
3-MeSPrITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, Candida holmii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV | MG | [37] |
4-MeSBuITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [52] |
4-MeSBuITC | Eruca sativa GSL + S. alba MYR | Fusarium culmorum | PP | MG | [6] |
4-MeSBuITC | E. sativa GSL + S. alba MYR | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | soil colonisation | [28] |
4-MeSO-3-BuITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [52] |
4-MeSO-3-BuITC | Raphanus sativus GSL + S. alba MYR | Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa, Mucor piriformis, Penicillium expansum, Rhizopus stolonifer | PP | CG | [32] |
4-MeSO-3-BuITC | R. sativus GSL + S. alba MYR | Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa, Mucor piriformis, Penicillium expansum, Rhizopus stolonifer | PP | curative activity | [86] |
4-MeSO-3-BuITC | R. sativus GSL + S. alba MYR | Fusarium culmorum | PP | MG | [6] |
4-MeSOBuITC | synt. | Cryptococcus neoformans | HR | MG | [97] |
4-MeSOBuITC | std. | Nosema ceranae | EP | SPG | [98] |
4-MeSOBuITC | std. | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [52] |
4-MeSOBuITC | std. | Alternaria brassicae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [18] |
4-MeSOOBuITC | std. & synt. | Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium, Rhizopus oryzae | PP | MG | [51] |
5-MeSPeITC | std. & synt. | Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium, Rhizopus oryzae | PP | MG | [51] |
9-MeSNonITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, Candida holmii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV | MG | [37] |
9-MeSONonITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, Candida holmii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV | MG | [37] |
9-MeSOONonITC | std. | Aspergillus niger, Candida holmii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV | MG | [37] |
Other | |||||
AITC, BnITC, PEITC mixture | std. | Candida spp. | HR | MG | [99] |
Source | Major ITCs Detected | Fungal Strains | Fungus Functions | Activity | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apium graveolens | iPrITC | Fusarium oxysporum | PP | MG | [100] |
Arabidopsis thaliana | 4-MePeITC | Lecanicillium lecanii | EP | CG | [101] |
Arabidopsis thaliana | 3-BuITC, 3-OHPrITC, 4-MeSOBuITC, AITC | Verticillium longisporum | PP | MG | [25] |
Armoracia rusticana | 3-BuITC, AITC, PEITC | Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum | HR | MG | [22] |
Armoracia rusticana | AITC, PEITC | Ascosphaera apis | EP | MG | [102] |
Armoracia rusticana | AITC, PEITC, sBuITC | Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Penicillium citrinum | ENV | MG | [93] |
Armoracia rusticana | AITC, PEITC | Aspergillus fumigatus, A. nidulans, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV, HR | MG | [56] |
Armoracia rusticana | 4-PeITC, 5-MeSOPeITC, 5-MeSPeITC, AITC, PEITC | Aspergillus brasiliensis, Candida albicans | ENV, HR | MG | [84] |
Armoracia rusticana | 3-BuITC, AITC, PEITC | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [62] |
Aurinia leucadea | 3-BuITC, 4-PeITC, 5-MeSOPeITC, sBuITC | Candida albicans, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus stolonifer | ENV, HR | MG | [103] |
Aurinia sinuata | 4-PeITC, 5-MeSOPeITC, 5-MeSPeITC | Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Penicillium sp. | ENV, HR, PP | MG | [27] |
Brassica campestris | 4-PeITC | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [17] |
Brassica carinata | AITC | Botrytis cinerea | PP | CG, MG | [69] |
Brassica carinata | AITC | Fusarium sambucinum | PP | MG | [26] |
Brassica juncea | 3-BuITC, AITC | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [104] |
Brassica juncea | 3-BuITC, AITC, sBuITC | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [17] |
Brassica juncea | AITC | Aspergillus parasiticus | MT | MG | [105] |
Brassica juncea | AITC | Fusarium graminearum | PP | MG | [106] |
Brassica juncea | AITC | Verticillium dahliae | PP | MG | [107] |
Brassica juncea | 3-BuITC,3-MeSOPrITC,4-MeSBuITC,4-MeSOBuITC,5-MeSOPeITC, AITC | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [108] |
Brassica juncea | AITC | Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium graminearum, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [109] |
Brassica juncea | AITC, BnITC, PEITC | Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium cepivorum | PP | SPG, SCG | [110] |
Brassica juncea | AITC | Sclerotium rolfsii | PP | MG | [60] |
Brassica juncea | AITC | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | MG | [111] |
Brassica juncea | AITC | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | SCG | [112] |
Brassica juncea | AITC | Colletotrichum coccodes, Fusarium sambucinum, Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium albo-atrum, V. dahliae | PP | MG | [26] |
Brassica juncea | AITC | Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium poae | PP | MG | [113] |
Brassica juncea | PEITC | Gaeumannomyces graminis | PP | MG | [57] |
Brassica juncea and Sinapis alba mixture | AITC | Hypocrea lixii, Ilyonectria destructans, Mortierella alpina, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [114] |
Brassica napus | MeITC | Gaeumannomyces graminis | PP | MG | [57] |
Brassica napus | PEITC | Bipolaris sorokiniana, Fusarium graminearum, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [109] |
Brassica napus | AITC, BnITC, PEITC | Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium cepivorum | PP | SPG, SCG | [110] |
Brassica napus and Brassica rapa mixture | 3-BuITC, 4-PeITC, 5-MeSPeITC, PEITC | Rhizoctonia fragariae | PP | MG | [115] |
Brassica nigra | AITC | Fusarium sambucinum | PP | MG | [26] |
Brassica oleracea | AITC | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [17] |
Brassica oleracea | 3-BuITC, AITC | Rhizoctonia solani | PP | MG | [104] |
Brassica oleracea | 2(R)-2OH-3BuITC,4-MeSBuITC,4-MeSOBuITC, AITC | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [116] |
Bunias orientalis | 4-MeSO-3-BuITC,4-OHBnITC, BuITC, iPrITC | Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea | PP | MG | [20] |
Cardaria draba | 4-MeSBuITC, 4-MeSOBuITC, 4-MeSOOBuITC | Candida albicans, Penicillium sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, | ENV, HR | MG | [19] |
Carica papaya | BnITC | Aspergillus amestelodanii, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Candida albicans, C. lipolytica, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Endomycopsis fibuliger, Gliocladium roseum, Mucor sp., Penicillium chrysogenum, P. cyclopium, P. digitatum, P. expansum, P. lilacinum, P. notatum, P. spinulosum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. fragilis | ENV, HR, PP | MG | [30] |
Degenia velebitica | 4-PeITC | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [117] |
Diplotaxis harra | 3-BuITC, iPrITC | Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Kluyveromyces lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV, PP | MG | [118] |
Eruca sativa | 4-MeSBuITC | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | SCG | [112] |
Eruca sativa | 4-MeSBuITC | Malassezia furfur, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes | HR | MG | [24] |
Erucaria microcarpa | BnITC, BuITC, iPrITC | Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Kluyveromyces lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ENV, PP | MG | [118] |
Erysimum corinthium | 3-MeCOPrITC, 3-MeSOOPrITC, 3-MeSOPrITC, AITC | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [119] |
Lepidium latifolium | AITC, sBuITC | Candida albicans | ENV | MG | [68] |
Moringa oleifera | 4-α-L-RhaBnITC | Aspergillus oryzae, Botrytis allii, Candida pseudotropicalis, C. reukaufii, Coniophora cerebella, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium expansum, Piricularia oryzae, Polystictus versicolor, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Zygorrhynchus sp. | ENV, HR, PP | MG | [29] |
Raphanus sativus | 4-MeS-3-BuITC, 4-MeSO-3-BuITC | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [52] |
Raphanus sativus | 4-MeSO-3-BuITC | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | SCG | [112] |
Raphanus sativus | 3-MeSO-3-BuITC, 2-OH-4-PeITC | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [116] |
Salvadora persica | BnITC, 3-MeOBnITC, 3-OHBnITC | Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans | HR | MG | [83] |
Sinapis alba | 4-OHBnITC | Fusarium graminearum | PP | MG | [106] |
Sinapis alba | 4-OHBnITC | Fusarium graminearum | PP | CG, MG, PF, SG | [120] |
Sinapis alba | 4-OHBnITC | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | PP | SCG | [112] |
Sinapis alba | AITC | Candida albicans | HR | MG | [116] |
Sinapis alba | AITC, BnITC, PEITC | Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium cepivorum | PP | SPG, SCG | [110] |
Sisymbrium officinale | iPrITC, sBuITC | Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Penicillium sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, | ENV, HR, PP | MG | [121] |
Tropaeolum pentaphyllum | BnITC | Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Candida albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Fusarium solani, Microsporum canis, Pseudallescheria boydii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sporothrix schenckii, Trichophyton rubrum | HR, ENV | MG | [23] |
Wasabia japonica | AITC | Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea | EP | CG | [64] |
3. Proposed Mechanisms of the Isothiocyanate Antifungal Activity
3.1. The Role of Isothiocyanate Reactivity in Bioactivity
3.2. Possible Targets of ITCs
3.3. Transcriptome-Level in Isothiocyanate-Exposed Fungi Reveal Defense Mechanisms
3.4. Metabolism and Detoxification of Isothiocyanates by Fungi
3.5. Efflux of Isothiocyanates
3.6. Inhibition of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis
4. Quantitative Structure—Activity Relationship (QSAR) Data
5. Synergistic Activity
6. Biofumigation, Inhibition of Plant Pathogenesis
6.1. Plant Protection Studies
6.2. Parameters Influencing Potency
6.3. Contribution of Isothiocyanates and Organic Matter to Soil Microbiome Changes during Biofumigation
6.4. Group-Level Changes in the Soil Microbial Community after Biofumigation
6.5. Functional Studies
6.6. Pattern Change Studies by Gel Separation Techniques
6.7. Pattern Change Studies by Sequencing
6.8. Combinations with Other Biocontrol Agents
6.9. Effect on Mycorrhizae and Isothiocyanate-Mediated Allelopathic Activity
6.10. Phytotoxicity
7. Preservation and Other Applications
7.1. Grains and Oil Seeds
7.2. Bread and Bakery-Products
7.3. Dairy Products
7.4. Post-Harvest Preservation of Fruits
7.5. Other Products
8. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plaszkó, T.; Szűcs, Z.; Vasas, G.; Gonda, S. Effects of Glucosinolate-Derived Isothiocyanates on Fungi: A Comprehensive Review on Direct Effects, Mechanisms, Structure-Activity Relationship Data and Possible Agricultural Applications. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 539. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070539
Plaszkó T, Szűcs Z, Vasas G, Gonda S. Effects of Glucosinolate-Derived Isothiocyanates on Fungi: A Comprehensive Review on Direct Effects, Mechanisms, Structure-Activity Relationship Data and Possible Agricultural Applications. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(7):539. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070539
Chicago/Turabian StylePlaszkó, Tamás, Zsolt Szűcs, Gábor Vasas, and Sándor Gonda. 2021. "Effects of Glucosinolate-Derived Isothiocyanates on Fungi: A Comprehensive Review on Direct Effects, Mechanisms, Structure-Activity Relationship Data and Possible Agricultural Applications" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 7: 539. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070539