The Abundance and Diversity of Fungi in a Hypersaline Microbial Mat from Guerrero Negro, Baja California, México
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microbial Mat Samples Collection
2.2. Oxygen Profiles and Microscope Analysis
2.3. DNA Extraction and qPCR Analysis
2.4. Metagenomic Sequencing
2.5. Metagenomic Processing
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Microscope Analysis and Oxygen Profiles
3.2. Abundance of Fungal and Bacterial Derived Sequenced as Determined by qPCR
3.3. Metagenomics
4. Discussion
4.1. Abundance of Fungi in the Guerrero Negro Microbial Mat
4.2. Diversity of Fungi in the Guerrero Negro Microbial Mat
4.3. Potential Roles of Fungi in the Guerrero Negro Microbial Mat
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Layer, (Depth Below Surface) | Oxygen Concentration (µM) |
---|---|
Layer 1, (0–1 mm) | 200–800 |
Layer 2, (1–2 mm) | 0–1200 |
Layer 3, (2–3 mm) | 0–200 |
Layer 4, (3–4 mm) | Only detectable under very high light |
Layers 5–7, (4–7 mm) | not detectable |
A. Fungi | B. Bacteria | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Layer, (Depth Below Surface) | Copies/g mat | Copies/ng DNA | Copies/g mat | Copies/ng DNA |
Layer 1, (0–1 mm) | 2.47 × 106 ± 3.42 × 105 | 1.84 × 105 ± 1.10 × 105 | 8.27 × 108 ± 1.93 × 108 | 1.85 × 105 ± 4.31 × 104 |
Layer 2, (1–2 mm) | 1.17 × 107 ± 2.88 × 106 | 2.57 × 105 ± 5.46 × 104 | 1.12 × 1010 ± 9.80 × 108 | 3.93 × 105 ± 3.44 × 104 |
Layer 3, (2–3 mm) | 3.12 × 107 ± 9.78 × 106 | 2.13 × 106 ± 1.07 × 106 | 1.35 × 1010 ± 8.76 × 108 | 3.79 × 105 ± 2.47 × 104 |
Layer 4, (3–4 mm) | 7.05 × 107 ± 2.81 × 107 | 1.56 × 106 ± 5.25 × 105 | 5.35 × 109 ± 4.51 × 108 | 3.02 × 105 ± 2.54 × 104 |
Layer 5, (4–5 mm) | 3.59 × 107 ± 2.59 × 106 | 9.62 × 105 ± 1.95 × 105 | 9.06 × 109 ± 1.97 × 109 | 3.71 × 105 ± 8.05 × 104 |
Layer 6, (5–6 mm) | 7.90 × 106 ± 3.55 × 106 | 2.82 × 105 ± 1.28 × 105 | 3.24 × 109 ± 4.50 × 108 | 2.46 × 105 ± 3.42 × 104 |
Layer 7, (6–7 mm) | 6.80 × 106 ± 4.32 × 106 | 6.41 × 105 ± 4.81 × 105 | 2.76 × 109 ± 1.41 × 108 | 2.37 × 105 ± 1.21 × 104 |
Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus | Average% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ascomycota | Dothideomycetes | Capnodiales | Mycosphaerellaceae | Cercospora | 2.20 |
Zymoseptoria | 2.86 | ||||
Eurotiomycetes | Eurotiales | Aspergillaceae | Aspergillus | 3.93 | |
Leotiomycetes | Helotiales | Sclerotiniaceae | Botrytis | 4.39 | |
Saccharomycetes | Saccharomycetales | Debaryomycetaceae | Candida | 4.62 | |
Debaryomyces | 0.87 | ||||
Scheffersomyces | 0.93 | ||||
Dipodascaceae | Yarrowia | 2.16 | |||
Phaffomycetaceae | Komagataella | 0.84 | |||
Pichiaceae | Ogataea | 0.88 | |||
Pichia | 1.08 | ||||
Saccharomycetaceae | Eremothecium | 2.11 | |||
Kazachstania | 1.50 | ||||
Kluyveromyces | 1.69 | ||||
Lachancea | 0.88 | ||||
Nakaseomyces | 3.26 | ||||
Saccharomyces | 1.77 | ||||
Tetrapisispora | 2.74 | ||||
Torulaspora | 0.99 | ||||
Zygosaccharomyces | 0.64 | ||||
Trichomonascaceae | Sugiyamaella | 1.14 | |||
Schizosaccharomycetes | Schizosaccharomycetales | Schizosaccharomycetaceae | Schizosaccharomyces | 0.88 | |
Sordariomycetes | Sordariales | Chaetomiaceae | Thermothelomyces | 11.14 | |
Hypocreales | Clavicipitaceae | Pochonia | 2.89 | ||
Glomerellales | Glomerellaceae | Colletotrichum | 7.00 | ||
Nectriaceae | Fusarium | 11.68 | |||
Magnaporthales | Pyriculariaceae | Pyricularia | 10.66 | ||
Sordariales | Sordariaceae | Neurospora | 4.72 | ||
Basidiomycota | Tremellomycetes | Tremellales | Cryptococcaceae | Cryptococcus | 2.96 |
Malasseziomycetes | Malasseziales | Malasseziaceae | Malassezia | 0.92 | |
Ustilaginomycetes | Ustilaginales | Ustilaginaceae | Sporisorium | 2.27 | |
Ustilago | 2.94 | ||||
Microsporidia | NA | NA | Unikaryonidae | Encephalitozoon | 0.45 |
Av.Abund. | Av.Sim. | Sim./S.D. | Contrib. | Cum. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fusarium | 11.68 | 11.27 | 134.85 | 12.02 | 12.02 |
Thermothelomyces | 11.14 | 10.58 | 19.09 | 11.29 | 23.31 |
Pyricularia | 10.66 | 10.43 | 35.85 | 11.13 | 34.44 |
Colletotrichum | 7 | 6.7 | 18.19 | 7.15 | 41.59 |
Candida | 4.62 | 4.51 | 48.27 | 4.82 | 46.4 |
Neurospora | 4.72 | 4.49 | 39.81 | 4.79 | 51.19 |
Botrytis | 4.39 | 3.91 | 4.82 | 4.17 | 55.36 |
Aspergillus | 3.94 | 3.72 | 12.63 | 3.97 | 59.33 |
Nakaseomyces | 3.26 | 3.02 | 17.23 | 3.22 | 62.55 |
Cryptococcus | 2.96 | 2.83 | 31.55 | 3.02 | 65.57 |
Pochonia | 2.9 | 2.74 | 19.25 | 2.92 | 68.49 |
Zymoseptoria | 2.86 | 2.6 | 22.96 | 2.78 | 71.27 |
Tetrapisispora | 2.74 | 2.47 | 6.21 | 2.64 | 73.91 |
Ustilago | 2.94 | 2.45 | 6.92 | 2.62 | 76.53 |
Sporisorium | 2.27 | 2.26 | 274.52 | 2.41 | 78.94 |
Yarrowia | 2.16 | 2.09 | 41.1 | 2.23 | 81.17 |
Cercospora | 2.2 | 1.96 | 10.7 | 2.09 | 83.26 |
Eremothecium | 2.11 | 1.93 | 6.64 | 2.06 | 85.32 |
Saccharomyces | 1.77 | 1.64 | 20.02 | 1.75 | 87.07 |
Kluyveromyces | 1.7 | 1.61 | 18.45 | 1.71 | 88.79 |
Kazachstania | 1.5 | 1.4 | 12.92 | 1.5 | 90.28 |
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Maza-Márquez, P.; Lee, M.D.; Bebout, B.M. The Abundance and Diversity of Fungi in a Hypersaline Microbial Mat from Guerrero Negro, Baja California, México. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7030210
Maza-Márquez P, Lee MD, Bebout BM. The Abundance and Diversity of Fungi in a Hypersaline Microbial Mat from Guerrero Negro, Baja California, México. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(3):210. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7030210
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaza-Márquez, Paula, Michael D. Lee, and Brad M. Bebout. 2021. "The Abundance and Diversity of Fungi in a Hypersaline Microbial Mat from Guerrero Negro, Baja California, México" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 3: 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7030210