An Updated Global Species Diversity and Phylogeny in the Genus Wickerhamomyces with Addition of Two New Species from Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Yeast Strain
2.2. Yeast Identification
2.2.1. Morphological Study
2.2.2. Biochemical and Physiological Studies
2.2.3. Molecular Study
3. Results
3.1. Phylogenetic Results
3.2. Taxonomic Description of New Species
3.2.1. Wickerhamomyces lannaensis S. Nundaeng, J. Kumla, N. Suwannarach and S. Lumyong, sp. nov. (Figure 4)
3.2.2. Wickerhamomyces nanensis J. Kumla, S. Nundaeng, N. Suwannarach and S. Lumyong, sp. nov. (Figure 5)
3.3. New Combination
3.4. Key to Species of Wickerhamomyces
- 1.
- a. Melibiose is assimilated………………...……………………..…..…..…………………2
- b. Melibiose is not assimilated………..……………………………..…..….…….….….…7
- 2.
- (1) a. Raffinose is assimilated………….…….…..…….….….….….……..………………3
- b. Raffinose is not assimilated………………….…………………...….W. kurtzmanii
- 3.
- (2) a. Citrate is assimilated………………………….……….………………….…………4
- b. Citrate is not assimilated…………………….…….……………......….W. orientalis
- 4.
- (3) a. Ribitol is assimilated………………...………….……………………………………5
- b. Ribitol is not assimilated………………...………………………..…W. spegazzinii
- 5.
- (4) a. Growth at 37 °C……………………………………………….….…….W. edaphicus
- b. Growth is absent at 37 °C…………………………...…………..…….……………6
- 6.
- (5) a. Ascospores observed on 5% MEA……………………………....…W. sydowiorum
- b. Ascospores not observed on 5% MEA…………….………..…….…W. arborarius
- 7.
- (1) a. Raffinose is assimilated…………………………….….……………………………8
- b. Raffinose is not assimilated………………………………..………..…………….19
- 8.
- (7) a. Nitrate is assimilated………………….……………………….………...………….9
- b. Nitrate is not assimilated…………………………………………………….……15
- 9.
- (8) a. L-Rhamnose is assimilated……………………………………………….……….10
- b. L-Rhamnose is not assimilated………………………….………………………..12
- 10.
- (9) a. L-Arabinose is assimilated…………………………..………………...….W. ciferrii
- b. L-Arabinose is not assimilated…………………………..………………….……11
- 11.
- (10) a. Sucrose is assimilated……………………………...……….W. psychrolipolyticus
- b. Sucrose is not assimilated…………………………….……...…...W. xylosivorus
- 12.
- (9) a. Growth in vitamin-free medium…………………………………………………13
- b. Growth is absent in vitamin-free medium……….…..………..W. subpelliculosus
- 13.
- (12) a. Soluble starch is assimilated…………………...……………………………….14
- b. Soluble starch is not assimilated………………………….………....W. lynferdii
- 14.
- (13) a. D-Arabinose is assimilated……………..……..….……………W. myanmarensis
- b. D-Arabinose is not assimilated…………………..…………………W. anomalus
- 15.
- (8) a. Ribitol is assimilated…………………………………………………………….16
- b. Ribitol is not assimilated…………………………………….…………….……17
- 16.
- (15) a. Galactose is assimilated……………………….....…………….W. strasburgensis
- b. Galactose is not assimilated……………………..………..………W. rabaulensis
- 17.
- (15) a. Growth in vitamin-free medium……….………....…………..…W. patagonicus
- b. Growth is absent in vitamin-free medium…………………….……………...18
- 18.
- (17) a. Citrate is assimilated……………………….…………...….….………W. onychis
- b. Citrate is not assimilated………………………..…………..………W. siamensis
- 19.
- (7) a. 2-Keto-D-gluconate is assimilated……………………………………….……….20
- b. 2-Keto-D-gluconate is not assimilated……………………………...……………21
- 20.
- (19) a. D-Glucitol is assimilated…………………………………….……….W. mucosus
- b. D-Glucitol is not assimilated……………………….……………….W. xylosicus
- 21.
- (19) a. D-Arabinose is assimilated………………………………..………………………22
- b. D-Arabinose is not assimilated…………………………..…………………….23
- 22.
- (21) a. Growth at 37 °C……….………………...………………………...…….W. sylviae
- b. Growth is absent at 37 °C……………….…………….………………….W. mori
- 23.
- (21) a. Galactose is assimilated……………………………………..…………...……..24
- b. Galactose is not assimilated………………...…………………....…………….27
- 24.
- (23) a. L-Arabinose is assimilated……………….……………………..…….W. silvicola
- b. L-Arabinose is not assimilated………………...…………………....…...…….25
- 25.
- (24) a. Sucrose is assimilated…………….………………….………….W. scolytoplatypi
- b. Sucrose is not assimilated…………………….………………..……….………26
- 26.
- (24) a. D-Mannitol is assimilated……………………..………….…….……W. nanensis
- b. D-Mannitol is not assimilated………………..….……….…....….W. chambardii
- 27.
- (23) a. L-Sorbose is assimilated………………….……...…..…………..……...W. pijperi
- b. L- Sorbose is not assimilated……………………….………….….……………28
- 28.
- (27) a. D-Xylose is assimilated……………………………………………...………….29
- b. D-Xylose is not assimilated……………….…………..….………….W. tratensis
- 29.
- (28) a. Sucrose is assimilated……………………………...……………………………30
- b. Sucrose is not assimilated……………………………...……………….………36
- 30.
- (29) a. Cellobiose is assimilated……………………………………..………………....31
- b. Cellobiose is not assimilated…………..…………………………….W. queroliae
- 31.
- (30) a. D-Glucitol is assimilated…………………………………………….………….32
- b. D-Glucitol is not assimilated…………………….…………….W. chaumierensis
- 32.
- (31) a. Growth at 37 °C………………………………….……………………………....33
- b. Growth is absent at 37 °C………………………………...…………….………34
- 33.
- (32) a. L-Arabinose is assimilated……………………….....………..………….W. bovis
- b. L-Arabinose is not assimilated……………..…………….……….W. canadensis
- 34.
- (32) a. Nitrate is assimilated……………………………………………...…………….35
- b. Nitrate is not assimilated…………………………..……...…...W. hampshirensis
- 35.
- (34) a. True hyphae are formed……………..……………………………….W. bisporus
- b. True hyphae are not formed…………………………………...…………W. alni
- 36.
- (29) a. Citrate is assimilated……………………………...……..………..W. menglaensis
- b. Citrate is not assimilated……………………………….………………………37
- 37.
- (36) a. Growth at 37 °C……………………..………..……..…..…………W. ochangensis
- b. Growth is absent at 37 °C………………..………...…..…….…….W. lannaensis
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Spices | Known Distribution | Isolation Source | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Wickerhamomyces alni (Phaff, M.W. Mill. and M. Miranda) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | Canada | Exudate of Alnus rubra | [12] |
2 | Wickerhamomyces anomalus (E.C. Hansen) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | Algeria, Brazil, China, Colombia, Ethiopia, India, Iraq, King George Island, Lao, Russia, Slovakia Sweden and Thailand | Process of beer and wine, phylloplane, soil, water, coral reefs, Thai traditional alcoholic starter, mangrove forest, fermented food, flowers, fruits, fermented grains, coffee processing, wastewater treatment plant, Colombian fermented beans and Brazilian spirit | [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35] |
3 | Wickerhamomyces arborarius S.A. James, E.J. Carvajal, Barahona, T.C. Harr., C.F. Lee, C.J. Bond and I.N. Roberts | Ecuador | Flower | [36] |
4 | Wickerhamomyces bisporus (O. Beck) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | Finland, France and USA | Platypus compositus, phoretic mites on Ips typographus and bark beetles (Dendroctonus) | [37,38,39] |
5 | Wickerhamomyces bovis (Uden and Carmo Souza) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | Portugal | Caecum of feral cattle (Bos taurus) | [40] |
6 | Wickerhamomyces canadensis (Wick.) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | Canada | Beetle frass from Pinus resinosa | [41] |
7 | Wickerhamomyces chambardii (C. Ramírez and Boidin) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | France | Chestnut | [42] |
8 | Wickerhamomyces chaumierensis M. Groenew., V. Robert and M.T. Sm. | Guyana | Surface of flower | [43] |
9 | Wickerhamomyces ciferrii (Lodder) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | Dominican Republic, USA and Thailand | Fruit of Dipteryx odorata and male olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) | [44,45,46] |
10 | Wickerhamomyces edaphicus Limtong, Yongman., H. Kawas. and Fujiyama | India and Thailand | Forest and mangrove soils | [4,47] |
11 | Wickerhamomyces hampshirensis (Kurtzman) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | USA | Frass of cut and dead of Quercus and beetle (Xyloterinus politus) | [48,49] |
12 | Wickerhamomyces kurtzmanii A.H. Li, Y.G. Zhou and Q.M. Wang | China | Crater lake water | [6] |
13 | Wickerhamomyces lynferdii (Van der Walt and Johannsen) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | South Africa | Soil | [50] |
14 | Wickerhamomyces menglaensis F.L. Hui and L.N. Huang | China | Rotting wood | [51] |
15 | Wickerhamomyces mori F.L. Hui, Liang Chen, X.Y. Chu, Niu and T. Ke | China | Gut of larvae of wood-boring insect on trunk of Morus alba | [52] |
16 | Wickerhamomyces mucosus (Wick. and Kurtzman) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | USA | Soil | [53] |
17 | Wickerhamomyces myanmarensis (Nagats., H. Kawas. and T. Seki) J. Kumla, N. Suwannarach and S. Lumyong | Iran and Myanmar | Palm sugar in rum distiller, and blood and central venous catheter of patients | [8,9] |
18 | Wickerhamomyces ochangensis K.S. Shin | South Korea | Soil of potato field | [11] |
19 | Wickerhamomyces onychis (Yarrow) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | Brazil, Ethiopia, Iraq, Malaysia, Netherlands, Poland and Tunisia | Nail infection of Homo sapiens, fermented food, cocoa beans, grape and tomato during spontaneous fermentation, and soil | [23,54,55,56,57,58,59] |
20 | Wickerhamomyces orientalis Sipiczki, S. Nasr, H.D.T. Nguyen and Soudi | Iran and Sri Lanka | Fruits and rhizosphere soil | [27,60] |
21 | Wickerhamomyces patagonicus V. de García, Brizzio, C.A. Rosa, Libkind and Van Broock | Argentina | Sap exudate on cut branches of Nothofagus dombeyi and glacier meltwater river | [61] |
22 | Wickerhamomyces pijperi (Van der Walt & Tscheuschner) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | Egypt, Ghana and South Africa | Buttermilk, cocoa fermentation and orange juice | [62,63,64] |
23 | Wickerhamomyces psychrolipolyticus Y. Shimizu and K. Konno | Japan | Soil | [65] |
24 | Wickerhamomyces queroliae C.A. Rosa, P.B. Morais, Lachance and Pimenta | Brazil | Larva of Anastrepha mucronata from fruit of Peritassa campestris | [66] |
25 | Wickerhamomyces rabaulensis (Soneda and S. Uchida) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | Ethiopia, Papua New Guinea and Thailand | Excreta of snail, soils, decaying agricultural residues, decaying leaves and tree bark, and fermented food | [23,67,68] |
26 | Wickerhamomyces scolytoplatypi Ninomiya | Japan | Gallery of beetles (Scolytoplatypus shogun) in Fagus crenata | [69] |
27 | Wickerhamomyces siamensis Kaewwich., Yongman., H. Kawas. and Limtong | Thailand | Phylloplane of Saccharum officinarum | [70] |
28 | Wickerhamomyces silvicola (Wick.) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | Germany, South Korea and USA | Flowers, gum of Prunus serotina and Prunus wood | [41,71,72] |
29 | Wickerhamomyces spegazzinii Masiulionis and Pagnocca | Argentina | The fungus garden of an attine ant nest (Acromyrmex lundii) | [73] |
30 | Wickerhamomyces strasburgensis (C. Ramírez and Boidin) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | France | On leather tanned by vegetable means | [74] |
31 | Wickerhamomyces subpelliculosus (Kurtzman) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | Egypt and USA | Fermenting cucumber brines, gut of honey bee and molasses | [75,76] |
32 | Wickerhamomyces sydowiorum (D.B. Scott and Van der Walt) Kurtzman, Robnett and Bas.-Powers | Brazil, Ivory Coast, South Africa and Thailand | Frass of Sinoxylon ruficorne in dead Combretum apiculatum, decayed plant leaf, fermented cocoa, honey, sand and water | [59,77,78,79,80] |
33 | Wickerhamomyces sylviae Moschetti and J.P. Samp. | Italy | Cloaca of migratory birds (Sylvia communis) | [81] |
34 | Wickerhamomyces tratensis Nakase, Jindam., Am-In, Ninomiya and H. Kawas. | Thailand | Flower of mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) | [82] |
35 | Wickerhamomyces xylosicus Limtong, Nitiyon, Kaewwich., Jindam., Am-In and Yongman | Thailand | Soil | [5] |
36 | Wickerhamomyces xylosivorus R. Kobay., A. Kanti and H. Kawas. | Indonesia | Decayed wood | [4] |
Yeast Species | Strain | GenBank Acession Number | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITS | D1/D2 | |||
Wickerhamomyces alni | NRRL Y-11625T | ‒ | EF550294 | [1] |
CBS 6986 | NR154966 | KY110065 | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces anomalus | NRRL Y-366T | ‒ | EF550341 | [1] |
H1Wh | JQ857021 | JQ856997 | [17] | |
Wickerhamomyces arborarius | Bq 164T | NR_55000 | FN908198 | [36] |
Wickerhamomyces bisporus | NRRL Y-1482T | ‒ | EF550296 | [1] |
Wickerhamomyces bovis | NRRL YB-4184T | ‒ | EF550298 | [1] |
CBS 2616 | NR154968 | KY110109 | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces canadensis | NRRL Y-1888T | ‒ | EF550300 | [1] |
GoToruMP327 | EF093299 | EF016107 | [125] | |
Wickerhamomyces chambardii | NRRL Y-2378T | ‒ | EF550344 | [1] |
CBS 1900 | NR154969 | KY110114 | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces chaumierensis | CBS 8565T | HM156503 | HM156533 | [43] |
Wickerhamomyces ciferrii | NRRL Y-1031T | ‒ | EF550339 | [1] |
UCDFST 83-22 | MH153583 | MH130275 | [126] | |
Wickerhamomyces edaphicus | S-29T | AB436771 | AB436763 | [10] |
CBS 10408 | KY105904 | KY110120 | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces hampshirensis | NRRL YB-4128T | ‒ | EF550334 | [1] |
Wickerhamomyces kurtzmanii | TF5-16-2T | MK573939 | MK573939 | [6] |
Wickerhamomyces lannaensis | SDBR-CMU-S3-15T | OK135750 | MT639220 | This study, [16] |
SDBR-CMU-S2-02 | OK135752 | MT623569 | This study, [16] | |
SDBR-CMU-S2-06 | OK135753 | MT613722 | This study, [16] | |
Wickerhamomyces lynferdii | NRRL Y-7723T | EF550342 | EF550342 | [1] |
BCRC 22676 | NR111798 | ‒ | [127] | |
Wickerhamomyces menglaensis | NYNU 1673T | KY213818 | KY213812 | [51] |
Wickerhamomyces mori | NYNU 1216T | JX204288 | JX204287 | [52] |
NYNU 1204 | JX292100 | JX292099 | [52] | |
Wickerhamomyces mucosus | NRRL YB-1344T | ‒ | EF550337 | [1] |
CBS 6341 | Z93877 | KY110124 | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces myanmarensis | CBS 9786T | ‒ | AB126678 | [9] |
SU-263 | MH236221 | MH236219 | [8] | |
Wickerhamomyces nanensis | SDBR-CMU-S2-17T | OK143510 | MT613875 | This study, [16] |
SDBR-CMU-S2-14 | OK143511 | MT623571 | This study, [16] | |
Wickerhamomyces ochangensis | N7a-Y2T | NR154971 | HM485464 | [11] |
CBS 11843 | KY105909 | ‒ | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces onychis | NRRL Y-7123T | ‒ | EF550279 | [1] |
CBS 5587 | KY105910 | KY110125 | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces orientalis | KH-D1T | KF938677 | KF938676 | [60] |
12-101 | KU253704 | KU253703 | [60] | |
Wickerhamomyces patagonicus | CRUB 1724T | FJ793131 | FJ666399 | [61] |
CBS 11398 | NG057185 | KY110126 | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces pijperi | NRRL YB-4309T | ‒ | EF550335 | [1] |
CBS 2887 | HM156502 | KY110127 | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces psychrolipolyticus | Y08-202-2T | ‒ | LC333101 | [65] |
Y08-202-2 | ‒ | LC333102 | [65] | |
Wickerhamomyces queroliae | UFMG-T05-200T | EU580140 | EU580140 | [66] |
Wickerhamomyces rabaulensis | NRRL Y-7945T | ‒ | EF550303 | [1] |
CBS 6797 | KY105914 | KY110128 | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces scolytoplatypi | NBRC 11029T | ‒ | AB534166 | [69] |
CBS 12186 | KY105915 | KY110130 | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces siamensis | DMKU-RK359T | NR111029 | AB714248 | [70] |
CBS 12570 | KY105916 | KY110131 | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces silvicola | NRRL Y-1678T | ‒ | EF550302 | [1] |
GLMC 1708 | MT156140 | MT156324 | [71] | |
Wickerhamomyces spegazzinii | JLU025T | KJ832072 | KJ832071 | [73] |
Wickerhamomyces strasburgensis | NRRL Y-2383T | ‒ | EF550333 | [1] |
Wickerhamomyces subpelliculosus | NRRL Y-1683T | NR111336 | EF550340 | [1,127] |
Wickerhamomyces sydowiorum | NRRL Y-7130T | NR138219 | EF550343 | [1,36] |
NRRL Y-10996 | FR690145 | FR690073 | [36] | |
Wickerhamomyces sylviae | PYCC6345T | ‒ | KF240728 | [81] |
U92A1 | ‒ | KF240729 | [81] | |
Wickerhamomyces tratensis | NBRC 107799T | AB607029 | AB607028 | [82] |
CBS 12176 | KY105935 | KY110150 | [124] | |
Wickerhamomyces xylosica | CBS 12320T | NR160310 | AB557867 | [5] |
NT31 | AB704715 | NG064304 | [5] | |
Wickerhamomyces xylosivorus | NBRC 111553T | NR155013 | LC202858 | [4] |
14Y125 | ‒ | NG057186 | [4] | |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | NRRL Y-12632T | AY046146 | JQ689017 | [128] |
Spathaspora allomyrinae | CBS 13924T | KP054268 | KP054267 | [129] |
Species | Growth in/at * | Ascospores on 5% MEA | True Hyphae | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ga | Sor | DXy | LAr | DAr | Rh | Su | Cel | Mlb | Raf | St | Rbl | DGlu | Man | Glt | 2-ket | Cit | NO3 | ‒V | 37 °C | |||
W. alni | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | v | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ |
W. anomalus | v | ‒ | v | v | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | + | + | v | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | + | v | + | ‒ |
W. arborarius | + | l/‒ | + | v | v | l/+ | + | v | + | + | + | + | + | + | ‒ | n | + | + | n | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ |
W. bisporus | ‒ | ‒ | + | w/‒ | ‒ | + | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | v | w/+ | v | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | n | + |
W. bovis | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | v | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | v | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ |
W. canadensis | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | w/+ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | v | + | w/+ | ‒ | ‒ | + | v | ‒ | + | + | v |
W. chambardii | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | w | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ |
W. chaumierensis | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | n | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | n | n | ‒ | ‒ | n | ‒ | n | ‒ | n | ‒ | n | ‒ |
W. ciferrii | + | ‒ | w/+ | w/+ | ‒ | w/+ | + | w/+ | ‒ | + | + | + | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | + | w/‒ | + | v |
W. edaphicus | + | ‒ | + | w/‒ | ‒ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | l/‒ | ‒ | + | + | + | w | n | ‒ |
W. hampshirensis | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | s | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | w/+ | + | v | ‒ | ‒ | s | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ |
W. kurtzmanii | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | w | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | w | ‒ | n | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ |
W. lynferdii | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | + | ‒ | + | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | + | ‒ | + | ‒ |
W. menglaensis | ‒ | ‒ | w | w | ‒ | w | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | w | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | + | n | ‒ | ‒ |
W. mori | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | w | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | n | + | ‒ | ‒ | w | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ |
W. mucosus | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | v | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | + | w/+ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ |
W. myanmarensis | + | ‒ | s | w | s | ‒ | + | s | ‒ | s | + | + | + | + | ‒ | n | + | + | + | + | + | ‒ |
W. ochangensis | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | n | + | n | ‒ |
W. onychis | ‒ | ‒ | + | v | v | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ |
W. orientalis | + | n | w | w | w | w/‒ | + | + | w | w | ‒ | w | n | w | n | n | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | + |
W. patagonicus | w | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | n | w | ‒ | w | w | ‒ | w | ‒ | ‒ | n | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | n | ‒ |
W. pijperi | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | v | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ |
W. psychrolipolyticus | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | + | + | + | + | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | + | + | n | n | + | + | n | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ |
W. queroliae | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | w/s | + | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ |
W. rabaulensis | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | v | + | + | ‒ | + | ‒ | + | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ |
W. scolytoplatypi | + | ‒ | s | ‒ | ‒ | s | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | s | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ |
W. siamensis | s | ‒ | s | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | w | ‒ | w | w | ‒ | w | w | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | - |
W. silvicola | + | v | + | + | ‒ | + | v | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | v | ‒ | ‒ | v | + | ‒ | v | + | v |
W. spegazzinii | + | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | + | + | + | s | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | w | + | + | + | + | ‒ |
W. strasburgensis | + | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | + | + | + | ‒ | + | ‒ | + | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | v | + | ‒ |
W. subpelliculosus | v | ‒ | v | v | v | ‒ | + | v | ‒ | + | v | v | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | v | + | v |
W. sydowiorum | + | ‒ | v | + | ‒ | + | + | + | + | + | v | + | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | + | ‒ | + | ‒ |
W. sylviae | v | ‒ | s/‒ | + | + | +,‒ | w/‒ | s/‒ | ‒ | ‒ | w/+ | s/‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | v | + | + | ‒ | ‒ |
W. tratensis | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | v | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | v | v | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | n | n | + | n | ‒ |
W. xylosicus | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | w | ‒ | ‒ | n | ‒ | + | ‒ |
W. xylosivorus | w/‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | + | ‒ | w | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | n | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | n | ‒ | ‒ |
W. lannaensis | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | w | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ |
W. nanensis | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | + | ‒ | ‒ | + | w | w | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ |
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Nundaeng, S.; Suwannarach, N.; Limtong, S.; Khuna, S.; Kumla, J.; Lumyong, S. An Updated Global Species Diversity and Phylogeny in the Genus Wickerhamomyces with Addition of Two New Species from Thailand. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 957. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110957
Nundaeng S, Suwannarach N, Limtong S, Khuna S, Kumla J, Lumyong S. An Updated Global Species Diversity and Phylogeny in the Genus Wickerhamomyces with Addition of Two New Species from Thailand. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(11):957. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110957
Chicago/Turabian StyleNundaeng, Supakorn, Nakarin Suwannarach, Savitree Limtong, Surapong Khuna, Jaturong Kumla, and Saisamorn Lumyong. 2021. "An Updated Global Species Diversity and Phylogeny in the Genus Wickerhamomyces with Addition of Two New Species from Thailand" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 11: 957. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110957