Fungal Treatment for the Valorization of Technical Soda Lignin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fungal Strains and Soda Lignin
2.2. Culture Conditions
2.2.1. Cultures on Lignin-Containing Plates
2.2.2. Mycelia Preparation for Liquid Cultures
2.2.3. Liquid Cultures on Lignin
2.3. DNA Extraction and Mycelial Dry Weight Determination on Lignin
2.4. Enzyme Activity
2.5. Proteomic Analysis
2.6. Analysis of the Soluble Lignin Fraction
2.6.1. Sample Preparation
2.6.2. HPSEC Analysis
2.6.3. LC–MS Analysis
2.7. Analysis of Insoluble Lignin Fraction
2.7.1. HPSEC Analysis
2.7.2. Quantitative 31P NMR and Samples Preparation
2.7.3. Thioacidolysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Growth in the Presence of Lignin
3.1.1. Growth on Lignin-Containing Plates
3.1.2. Liquid Cultures and Enzyme Activities
3.2. Proteomic Analysis
3.3. Analysis of Soluble Lignin Fraction after Fungal Treatment
3.4. Analysis of Insoluble Residual Lignin
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Enzyme | Strain | Condition | Incubation Time (Day) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 7 | 14 | |||
Activity (nkat/mg dry mycelia) | |||||
ABTS Oxidation | Pbr985 | Maltose (20 g/L) | 1.47 ± 0.09 | 26.61 ± 8.05 | 7.42 ± 0.33 |
Maltose (2.5 g/L) + Lignin (15 g/L) | 4.22 ± 0.29 | 34.94 ± 2.57 | 226.42 ± 32.72 | ||
Lignin (15 g/L) | 0.49 ± 0.24 | 14.34 ± 1.89 | 37.36 ± 5.59 | ||
Psan1264 | Maltose (20 g/L) | 35.56 ± 1.24 | 32.18 ± 2.79 | 25.38 ± 0.74 | |
Maltose (2.5 g/L) + Lignin (15 g/L) | 20.74 ± 1.61 | 768.67 ± 151.03 | 3175.82 ± 320.50 | ||
Lignin (15 g/L) | 13.97 ± 0.12 | 32.52 ± 3.26 | 112.49 ± 13.09 | ||
Lme1369 | Maltose (20 g/L) | nd | nd | nd | |
Maltose (2.5 g/L) + Lignin (15 g/L) | 34.16 ± 2.49 | 66.18 ± 0.93 | 73.08 ± 5.62 | ||
Lignin (15 g/L) | nd | nd | 6.52 ± 1.31 | ||
Veratryl Alcohol Oxidation | Pbr985 | Maltose (20 g/L) | nd | nd | 0.11 ± 0.15 |
Maltose (2.5 g/L) + Lignin (15 g/L) | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 1.19 ± 0.09 | 2.40 ± 0.1 | ||
Lignin (15 g/L) | nd | 1.91 ± 0.37 | nd | ||
Psan1264 | Maltose (20 g/L) | nd | nd | nd | |
Maltose (2.5 g/L) + Lignin (15 g/L) | nd | 0.25 ± 0.19 | 0.36 ± 0.1 | ||
Lignin (15 g/L) | nd | 2.27 ± 0.52 | 1.97 ± 0.1 | ||
Lme1369 | Maltose (20 g/L) | nd | nd | nd | |
Maltose (2.5 g/L) + Lignin (15 g/L) | nd | 0.38 ± 0.04 | 1.94 ± 0.28 | ||
Lignin (15 g/L) | nd | nd | 0.09 ± 0.1 |
Pbr985 | Psan1264 | Lme1369 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein ID | CAZy | Day of Growth | Protein ID | CAZy | Day of Growth | Protein ID | CAZy | Day of Growth |
657909 | AA1_1 | 3 and 7 | 1583166 | AA1_1 | 3, 7 and 14 | 924031 | AA1_1 | 3 and 7 |
224137 | AA1_1 | 3, 7 and 14 | 1560767 | AA1_1 | 3 | 1044554 | AA1_1 | 3, 7 and 14 |
1420175 | AA5_1 | 3, 7 and 14 | 1672751 | AA8-AA3_1 | 3, 7 and 14 | 916190 | AA8-AA3_1 | 3, 7 and 14 |
1362263 | AA5_1 | 3 and 7 | 1574363 | AA3_2 | 3, 7 and 14 | 927121 | AA3_2 | 3 and 7 |
1348579 | AA5_1 | 3 | 1648421 | AA3_4 | 7 and 14 | 924050 * | AA3_2 | 3 |
1388977 | AA7 | 3, 7 and 14 | 1672103 | AA5_1 | 3, 7 and 14 | 1048304 | AA3_2 | 7 |
1689209 | AA5_1 | 3, 7 and 14 | 437597 * | AA3_3 | 3, 7 and 14 | |||
1673053 * | AA5_1 | 3 | 453833 | AA5_1 | 3, 7 and 14 | |||
1600019 * | AA9 | 3 | 1050121 * | AA5_1 | 3 and 7 | |||
1677933 * | CBM1-CE1 | 3 | 923081 | AA5_1 | 3, 7 and 14 | |||
1565370 | CE4 | 3 and 7 | 932960 | AA5_1 | 3 and 7 | |||
1577721 | CE8 | 7 and 14 | 1057183 * | AA9 | 3 and 7 | |||
1050920 | AA9 | 3 and 7 | ||||||
1050025 | AA9 | 3 and 7 | ||||||
497583 | AA9 | 3 | ||||||
95318 | AA9 | 3, 7 and 14 | ||||||
1046503 * | AA9 | 3 | ||||||
923917 * | AA9 | 3 | ||||||
931673 | AA9-CBM1 | 3 and 7 | ||||||
1106760 * | AA9-CBM1 | 3 | ||||||
932017 * | AA14 | 7 | ||||||
1042341 | CE1-CBM1 | 3 and 7 | ||||||
693655 * | CE1-CBM1 | 3 | ||||||
946461 | CE4 | 3 and 7 | ||||||
908440 | CE4 | 3 and 7 | ||||||
754929 * | CE4 | 3 | ||||||
1018647 | CE8 | 3, 7 and 14 | ||||||
46074 | CE8 | 7 and 14 | ||||||
921049 | CE15-CBM1 | 3 | ||||||
250112 | CE16 | 3 and 7 | ||||||
1049410 | CE16 | 3 and 7 | ||||||
1046069 | CE16-CBM1 | 3 and 7 |
Rt (min) | Phenolic Compounds | Lme1369 | Psan1264 | Pbr985 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.9 | p-OH benzaldehyde | -- | - | ~ |
2.3 | Syringic acid | ~ | -- | -- |
2.8 | Vanillin | -- | - | - |
3.4 | p-Coumaric acid | -- | -- | - |
3.8 | Syringaldehyde | -- | -- | ~ |
4.7 | Ferulic acid | -- | -- | -- |
5.0 | Acetosytingone | ~ | -- | ~ |
Strain | PheOH (mmol·g−1) a | Thioacidolysis b | |
---|---|---|---|
Total Yield (µmol·g−1) | S/G Ratio | ||
PB1000 | 2.68 | 104 ± 4 | 0.97 ± 0.01 |
Control | 2.90 | 132 ± 9 | 0.93 ± 0.05 |
Pbr985 | 2.42 | 96 ± 1 | 0.91 ± 0.02 |
Psan1264 | 2.48 | 79 ± 7 | 0.85 ± 0.02 |
Lme1369 | 2.85 | 120 ± 4 | 0.90 ± 0.04 |
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Daou, M.; Farfan Soto, C.; Majira, A.; Cézard, L.; Cottyn, B.; Pion, F.; Navarro, D.; Oliveira Correia, L.; Drula, E.; Record, E.; et al. Fungal Treatment for the Valorization of Technical Soda Lignin. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7010039
Daou M, Farfan Soto C, Majira A, Cézard L, Cottyn B, Pion F, Navarro D, Oliveira Correia L, Drula E, Record E, et al. Fungal Treatment for the Valorization of Technical Soda Lignin. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7(1):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7010039
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaou, Mariane, Clementina Farfan Soto, Amel Majira, Laurent Cézard, Betty Cottyn, Florian Pion, David Navarro, Lydie Oliveira Correia, Elodie Drula, Eric Record, and et al. 2021. "Fungal Treatment for the Valorization of Technical Soda Lignin" Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1: 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7010039