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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Rise and Fall of Phytophthora infestans Resistance to Non-Specific Fungicide in Experimental Populations

by
Shao-Bin Fan
1,2,
Meng Xie
1,2,
Zu-Lei Xiang
1,2,
Tong-Xin Xu
3,
Wen-Jing Wang
4,
Zong-Hua Wang
1,2,
Hong-Li Hu
1,
Li-Xia Chen
3,
Li Tang
1,2,
Jia-Sui Zhan
5,* and
Li-Na Yang
2,*
1
Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education & Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
2
Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
3
College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
4
Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
5
Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi 2025, 11(9), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090643 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 23 July 2025 / Revised: 20 August 2025 / Accepted: 29 August 2025 / Published: 30 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Management of Plant Fungal Diseases)
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Abstract

Background: Fungicide resistance is one of the major factors threatening social and ecological sustainability. Many issues associated with the evolutionary processes and mechanisms of fungicide resistance in pathogens remain poorly understood, and better knowledge of these issues through experimentally observing the rise and fall of the resistance is critical for the development of effective management strategies to ensure food security and ecological health. Methods: An experimental evolution approach was used to continuously acclimate a series of Phytophthora infestans populations under different mancozeb conditions for 400 consecutive days. Results: We found that P. infestans developed mancozeb resistance after 200 days of acclimation. This resistance was associated with ABC transporters and endocytic proteins. Potentially due to fitness costs associated with aggressiveness, mancozeb resistance was reversible. And the pathogen exhibited comparable rates of resistance gain during acclimation and resistance loss during the reversal experiment. Conclusions: Our results suggest that this pathogen may also develop resistance to mancozeb. However, this type of resistance may not be persistent, implying the fungicides concerned could be reused in practice. These results provide new insights into the evolution of fungicide resistance and sustainable plant disease chemical management based on the fungicide dose chosen beyond that of potato blight, warranting further study on the resistance target gene.
Keywords: Phytophthora infestans; mancozeb resistance; non-specific fungicides; ABC transporters; endocytic proteins Phytophthora infestans; mancozeb resistance; non-specific fungicides; ABC transporters; endocytic proteins
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MDPI and ACS Style

Fan, S.-B.; Xie, M.; Xiang, Z.-L.; Xu, T.-X.; Wang, W.-J.; Wang, Z.-H.; Hu, H.-L.; Chen, L.-X.; Tang, L.; Zhan, J.-S.; et al. Rise and Fall of Phytophthora infestans Resistance to Non-Specific Fungicide in Experimental Populations. J. Fungi 2025, 11, 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090643

AMA Style

Fan S-B, Xie M, Xiang Z-L, Xu T-X, Wang W-J, Wang Z-H, Hu H-L, Chen L-X, Tang L, Zhan J-S, et al. Rise and Fall of Phytophthora infestans Resistance to Non-Specific Fungicide in Experimental Populations. Journal of Fungi. 2025; 11(9):643. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090643

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fan, Shao-Bin, Meng Xie, Zu-Lei Xiang, Tong-Xin Xu, Wen-Jing Wang, Zong-Hua Wang, Hong-Li Hu, Li-Xia Chen, Li Tang, Jia-Sui Zhan, and et al. 2025. "Rise and Fall of Phytophthora infestans Resistance to Non-Specific Fungicide in Experimental Populations" Journal of Fungi 11, no. 9: 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090643

APA Style

Fan, S.-B., Xie, M., Xiang, Z.-L., Xu, T.-X., Wang, W.-J., Wang, Z.-H., Hu, H.-L., Chen, L.-X., Tang, L., Zhan, J.-S., & Yang, L.-N. (2025). Rise and Fall of Phytophthora infestans Resistance to Non-Specific Fungicide in Experimental Populations. Journal of Fungi, 11(9), 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090643

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