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Volume 11
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10.3390/jof11090639
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Population, Physiological, and Genetic Insights into Carbendazim Resistance in Populations of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Microdochium nivale

by
Guzalia Sh. Murzagulova
1,
Olga A. Gogoleva
1,
Egor A. Ryazanov
1,
Karina A. Shatravina
1,
Natalia V. Tendiuk
1,
Ildar T. Sakhabutdinov
1,
Sergey N. Ponomarev
1,
Inna B. Chastukhina
1,
Olga N. Makshakova
1,
Mira L. Ponomareva
1 and
Vladimir Y. Gorshkov
1,2,*
1
Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 420111 Kazan, Russia
2
Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi 2025, 11(9), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090639
Submission received: 25 July 2025 / Revised: 27 August 2025 / Accepted: 28 August 2025 / Published: 29 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Growth and Development Based on Functional Genomics and Microbiomics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Fungicide treatment is one of the most common methods for controlling fungal plant diseases. However, many phytopathogenic fungi develop resistance to fungicides. Addressing this agriculturally important issue requires comprehensive investigations into fungicide resistance. Our study aims to assess the degree and prevalence of resistance to carbendazim—one of the most widely used fungicides—in populations of Microdochium nivale, the causal agent of the deleterious plant disease pink snow mold; to explore possible relationships between carbendazim resistance and physiological and genetic traits; and to gain insight into the molecular basis of carbendazim resistance in this species. We showed that carbendazim resistance is widespread in the analyzed M. nivale populations, and that the application of carbendazim increases the proportion of resistant strains. Nevertheless, carbendazim-resistant strains are present at high relative abundance in populations that have never been exposed to fungicides. Carbendazim resistance in M. nivale is strongly associated with sequence variations in the β-tubulin gene, resulting in amino acid sequence variability that leads to differential affinity for carbendazim. Additionally, we propose a metabarcoding-based approach employing a genetic marker linked to a specific phenotypic trait to assess the ratio of genotypes with contrasting properties within a particular fungal species in environmental communities.
Keywords: fungicide resistance; intrapopulation heterogeneity of phytopathogenic fungi; Microdochium nivale; winter cereal crops; virulence; plant infectious diseases fungicide resistance; intrapopulation heterogeneity of phytopathogenic fungi; Microdochium nivale; winter cereal crops; virulence; plant infectious diseases

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Murzagulova, G.S.; Gogoleva, O.A.; Ryazanov, E.A.; Shatravina, K.A.; Tendiuk, N.V.; Sakhabutdinov, I.T.; Ponomarev, S.N.; Chastukhina, I.B.; Makshakova, O.N.; Ponomareva, M.L.; et al. Population, Physiological, and Genetic Insights into Carbendazim Resistance in Populations of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Microdochium nivale. J. Fungi 2025, 11, 639. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090639

AMA Style

Murzagulova GS, Gogoleva OA, Ryazanov EA, Shatravina KA, Tendiuk NV, Sakhabutdinov IT, Ponomarev SN, Chastukhina IB, Makshakova ON, Ponomareva ML, et al. Population, Physiological, and Genetic Insights into Carbendazim Resistance in Populations of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Microdochium nivale. Journal of Fungi. 2025; 11(9):639. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090639

Chicago/Turabian Style

Murzagulova, Guzalia Sh., Olga A. Gogoleva, Egor A. Ryazanov, Karina A. Shatravina, Natalia V. Tendiuk, Ildar T. Sakhabutdinov, Sergey N. Ponomarev, Inna B. Chastukhina, Olga N. Makshakova, Mira L. Ponomareva, and et al. 2025. "Population, Physiological, and Genetic Insights into Carbendazim Resistance in Populations of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Microdochium nivale" Journal of Fungi 11, no. 9: 639. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090639

APA Style

Murzagulova, G. S., Gogoleva, O. A., Ryazanov, E. A., Shatravina, K. A., Tendiuk, N. V., Sakhabutdinov, I. T., Ponomarev, S. N., Chastukhina, I. B., Makshakova, O. N., Ponomareva, M. L., & Gorshkov, V. Y. (2025). Population, Physiological, and Genetic Insights into Carbendazim Resistance in Populations of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Microdochium nivale. Journal of Fungi, 11(9), 639. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090639

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