Identification of Avocado Fruit Disease Caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum and Colletotrichum fructicola in China
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Isolation
2.2. DNA Extraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction, and Sequencing
2.3. Pathogenicity Test
3. Results
3.1. Diaporthe Phaseolorum
3.1.1. Description
3.1.2. Phylogenetic Analysis
3.1.3. Pathogenicity Test
3.2. Colletotrichum Fructicola
3.2.1. Description
3.2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis
3.2.3. Pathogenicity Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Araújo, R.G.; Rodriguez-Jasso, R.M.; Ruiz, H.A.; Pintado, M.M.E.; Aguilar, C.N. Avocado by-products: Nutritional and functional properties. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 80, 51–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sommaruga, R.; Eldridge, H.M. Avocado production: Water footprint and socio-economic implications. EuroChoices 2021, 20, 48–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perkins, M.L.; Joyce, D.C.; Coates, L.M. Possible contribution of impact injury at harvest to anthracnose expression in ripening avocado: A review. Sci. Hortic. 2019, 246, 785–790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moller, H.; Slippers, B.; van den Berg, N. Branch canker battles: Understanding and managing the Botryosphaeriaceae in avocado. Phytoparasitica 2025, 53, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kebede, M.; Belay, A. Fungi associated with post-harvest avocado fruit rot at jimma town, southwestern Ethiopia. J. Plant Pathol. Microbiol. 2019, 10, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wogu, M.D. Microorganisms associated with the spoilage of avocado pear, Persea americana fruits. Afrrev Stech 2014, 3, 244–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, T.F.; Pan, T.T.; Guo, M.T. First isolation and identification of Neopestalotiopsis clavispora causing postharvest rot of Rosa sterilis and its control with methyl jasmonate and calcium chloride. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weir, B.S.; Johnston, P.R.; Damm, U. The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex. Stud. Mycol. 2012, 73, 115–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bustamante, M.I.; Osorio-Navarro, C.; Fernández, Y.; Bourret, T.B.; Zamorano, A.; Henríquez-Sáez, J.L. First record of Colletotrichum anthrisci causing anthracnose on avocado fruits in Chile. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hofer, K.M.; Braithwaite, M.; Braithwaite, L.J.; Sorensen, S.; Siebert, B.; Pather, V.; Goudie, L.; Williamson, L.; Alexander, B.J.R.; Toome-Heller, M. First Report of Colletotrichum fructicola, C. perseae, and C. siamense Causing Anthracnose Disease of Avocado (Persea americana) in New Zealand. Plant Dis. 2021, 105, 1564. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, L.; Lan, G.B.; Yang, Y.G.; Tang, Y.F.; Li, Z.G.; She, X.M.; He, Z.F. First report of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum fructicola on Brassica parachinensis in China. Crop Prot. 2022, 154, 105842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, W. First Report of Anthracnose Disease on Avocado (Persea americana) Caused by Colletotrichum fructicola in China. Plant Dis. 2022, 106, 2529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fischer, I.H.; Tozze Junior, H.J.; de Arruda, M.C.; Massola Junior, N.S. Postharvest of ‘Fuerte’ and ‘Hass’ avocados: Physical and chemical characteristics, damages and control of diseases. Semin.-Cienc. Agrar. 2011, 32, 209–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreira, V.; Carbone, M.J.; Ferronato, B.; Gonzalez-Barrios, P.; Alaniz, S.; Mondino, P. Role of fungicides to control blossom blight and fruit rot the main symptoms of olive anthracnose in Uruguay. Int. J. Pest Manag. 2025, 71, 29–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Liu, X.F.; Jia, H.Q.; Zhu, W.B. First report of leaf-spot disease caused by Sphaeropsis visci on Asian mistletoe [Viscum coloratum (Kom. ) Nakai] in China. J. For. Res. 2018, 29, 1769–1774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- White, T.J.; Bruns, T.; Lee, S.; Taylor, J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA Genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protocols Guide Methods Appl. 1990, 1, 315–322. [Google Scholar]
- Glass, N.L.; Donaldson, G.C. Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Appl. Environ. Microb. 1995, 61, 1323–1330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carbone, I.; Kohn, L.M. A Method for Designing Primer Sets for Speciation Studies in Filamentous Ascomycetes. Mycologia 1999, 91, 553–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hillis, D.; Bull, J. An Empirical Test of Bootstrapping as a Method for Assessing Confidence in Phylogenetic Analysis. Syst. Biol. 1993, 42, 182–192. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Cao, L.X.; Shi, K.L.; Liu, Y.Y.; Xie, X.N.; Sun, X.Z.; Dong, W.T.; Wang, C.Y.; Ma, L.S. Identification of specific genes as molecular markers for rapid and accurate detection of oil-tea Camellia anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola in China. Front. Microbiol. 2024, 15, 1442922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liang, X.F.; Li, B.X.; Zhao, X.M.; Yao, L.Q.; Kong, Y.Y.; Liu, W.K.; Zhang, R.; Sun, G.Y. 1, 8-Dihydroxynaphthalene melanin biosynthesis in Colletotrichum fructicola is developmentally regulated and requires the cooperative function of two putative zinc finger transcription factors. Phytopathology 2022, 112, 2174–2186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duan, C.H.; Chen, G.Y. First report of Colletotrichum fructicola causing anthracnose on Indian Jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) in Taiwan. Plant Dis. 2022, 106, 1751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gong, J.L.; Sun, D.L.; Bian, N.F.; Wang, R.Q.; Wang, X.; Wang, X.J. First report of Colletotrichum fructicola causing anthracnose on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in China. Plant Dis. 2023, 107, 2879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lim, Y.S.; Hassan, O.; Chang, T. First report of anthracnose of shine muscat caused by Colletotrichum fructicola in Korea. Mycobiology 2020, 48, 75–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, T.; Ren, Y.L.; Zhao, J.Y.; Jiang, Y.J.; Tang, J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, C.; Wang, J.; Ji, X.L.; Wang, M.Y. Identification of pathogens and laboratory activity test of kiwifruit rot disease in Guizhou Province, China. J. Chem. 2022, 2022, 6893691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, L.; Du, C.Y.; Ding, C.Y. First Report of Colletotrichum fructicola Causing Anthracnose on Rosa chinensis in China. Plant Dis. 2023, 107, 3316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, X.; Lu, L.L.; Wang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Geng, Z.J.; Wei, B.Y.; Tang, G.H.; Li, P.Q. First report of Colletotrichum fructicola causing fruit anthracnose on Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) in China. Plant Dis. 2024, 108, 1101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, Z.Y.; Lou, J.; He, L.Q.; Wang, Q.D.; Chen, L.H.; Zhong, X.T.; Wu, C.F.; Zhang, L.Q.; Wang, Z.Q. First report of Colletotrichum fructicola causing anthracnose on cherry (Prunus avium) in China. Plant Dis. 2022, 106, 317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zou, X.H.; Guo, R.; Zhang, L.Q.; Duan, K.; Gao, Q.H. Identification of FaNBS-encoding genes responsive to Colletotrichum fructicola infection in strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa Duchase). Australas. Plant Path. 2018, 47, 499–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serrato-Diaz, L.; Rivera-Vargas, L.; Goenaga, R.; Navarro, E.; French-Monar, R. First report of Colletotrichum fructicola and C. queenslandicum causing fruit rot of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum). Plant Dis. 2017, 101, 1043. [Google Scholar]
- Li, P.; Zhu, J.Z.; Li, X.G.; Zhong, J. Identification and characterization of Colletotrichum fructicola and Colletotrichum siamense causing anthracnose on luffa sponge gourd in China. Plants 2022, 11, 1537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, Y.; Ye, R.; Ying, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, L.P. First report of leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum fructicola on Dalbergia hupeana in China. Plant Dis. 2022, 106, 1526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shu, J.; Ning, P.; Guo, T.X.; Tang, L.H.; Huang, S.P.; Li, Q.L.; Mo, J.Y.; Yu, Z.H.; Hsiang, T. First report of leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum fructicola on Callerya speciosa (Millettia speciosa) in Guangxi, China. Plant Dis. 2020, 104, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.H.; Zhu, K.X.; Li, C.Z.; Wei, C.H.; Luan, F.G.; Li, D.; Song, Q.N. First Report of Anthracnose Leaf Spot Caused by Colletotrichum fructicola on Manglietia decidua (Magnoliaceae) in China. Plant Dis. 2023, 107, 1950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, J.; Yu, Z.H.; Li, Q.L.; Tang, L.H.; Guo, T.X.; Huang, S.P.; Mo, J.Y.; Hsiang, T. Leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum fructicola on star anise (Illicium verum) in China. Plant Dis. 2022, 106, 1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Z.; Wang, H.Y.; Lin, S.Y.; Guo, J.Y.; Shi, Y.P.; Gao, Q.; Zhou, H. First Report of Colletotrichum fructicola Causing Leaf Spot on Smilax glabra in China. Plant Dis. 2024, 108, 1112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, S.; Xu, X.; Jiang, Y.R.; Zheng, Z.L.; Yuan, H.; Li, S.J.; Liu, Y.G.; Lin, T.T.; Qiao, T.M.; Yang, C.L. Colletotrichum fructicola, Causal Agent of Shot-Hole Symptoms on Leaves of Prunus sibirica in China. Plant Dis. 2023, 107, 2530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Negi, N.; Ramkrishna; Banerjee, S.; Meena, R.K.; Bhandari, M.S.; Pandey, S. Morphology and phylogeny revealed Colletotrichum fructicola causing new disease symptoms on Eucalyptus in India. J. Plant Pathol. 2025, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Usman, H.M.; Tan, Q.; Karim, M.M.; Adnan, M.; Yin, W.X.; Zhu, F.X.; Luo, C.X. Sensitivity of Colletotrichum fructicola and Colletotrichum siamense of peach in China to multiple classes of fungicides and characterization of pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates. Plant Dis. 2021, 105, 3459–3465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pioli, R.N.; Morandi, E.N.; Martínez, M.C.; Lucca, F.; Tozzini, A.; Bisaro, V.; Hopp, H.E. Morphologic, molecular, and pathogenic characterization of Diaporthe phaseolorum variability in the core soybean-producing area of Argentina. Phytopathology 2003, 93, 136–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gi, S.; Kim, W.; Yang, K.Y. Emergence of multiple Diaporthe species causing kiwifruit rot and occurrence of resistance to a methyl benzimidazole carbamate fungicide in South Korea. Crop Prot. 2022, 158, 106016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huda-Shakirah, A.R.; Kee, Y.J.; Wong, K.L.; Zakaria, L.; Mohd, M.H. Diaporthe species causing stem gray blight of red-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) in Malaysia. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 3907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kai, K.; Bi, W.L.; Sui, Y.; Hua, C.Y.; Liu, Y.S.; Zhang, D.F. Curcumin inhibits Diaporthe phaseolorum and reduces postharvest decay in kiwifruit. Sci. Hortic. 2020, 259, 108860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gomzhina, M.M.; Gannibal, P.B. Diaporthe species infecting sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Russia, with the description of two new species. Mycologia 2022, 114, 556–574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, P.P.; Cao, Z.Y.; Liu, N.; Ma, S.X.; Dai, D.Q.; Dong, J.G.; Ye, J. First Report of Diaporthe phaseolorum causing stem canker of Euphorbia neriifolia var. cristata in China. Plant Dis. 2017, 101, 1044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Latorre, B.A.; Torres, R. Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex associated with stem cankers of blueberry in Chile. Phytopathology 2011, 101, S99. [Google Scholar]
- Hou, X.M.; Zheng, M.H.; Ao, J.J.; Wang, H.Y.; Peng, L.L.; Zhou, H. Occurrence of Leaf Spot Caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum on Bletilla striata in China. Plant Dis. 2022, 106, 3200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krupalini, V.; Janardhana, G.R. Diaporthe phaseolorum causing dieback disease on Melia dubia cav. in Karnataka state (India). Arch. Microbiol. 2024, 206, 92. [Google Scholar]
- Mena, E.; Jorajuría, M.; Gurmendez, J.; Grijalba, P.; Ponce de León, I. Multiplex qPCR Assay for Detection and Relative Quantification of Diaporthe aspalathi, D. caulivora, D. longicolla and D. miriciae in Soybean Tissues. Plant Pathol. 2025, 74, 1347–1355. [Google Scholar]
- Xue, H.Q.; Upchurch, R.G.; Kwanyuen, P. Ergosterol as a Quantifiable Biomass Marker for Diaporthe haseolorum and Cercospora kikuchi. Plant Dis. 2006, 90, 1395–1398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miljakovic, D.; Marinkovic, J.; Tamindzic, G.; Bordevic, V.; Ignjatov, M.; Milosevic, D.; Nikolic, Z. Effect of plant growth promoting Bacillus spp. on germination and seedling growth of soybean. Legume Res.-Int. J. 2022, 45, 487–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Region | Primer | Forward/Reverse | Tm (°C) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITS | ITS1 ITS4 | F: TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG R: TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC | 50 | [16] |
GAPDH | GDF GDR | F: GCCGTCAACGACCCCTTCATTGA R: GGGTGGAGTCGTACTTGAGCATGT | 62 | [8] |
ACT | ACT-512 ACT-783 | F: ATGTGCAAGGCCGGTTTCGC R: TACGAGTCCTTCTGGCCCAT | 60 | [8] |
TUB | Bt2a Bt2b | F: GGTAACCAAATCGGTGCTGCTTTC R: ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC | 61 | [17] |
TEF1-α | EF1-728 EF1-986 | F: CATCGAGAAGTTCGAGAAGG R: TACTTGAAGGAACCCTTACC | 52 | [18] |
Species and Strain | Locality, Host/Substrate | GenBank Accession Numbers | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ITS | TUB | TEF1-α | ||
Diaporthe caryae | ||||
ZJUE0276 | China, Citrus reticulata | ON035561 | ON221770 | ON049537 |
ZJUE0281 | China, Citrus reticulata | ON035562 | ON221771 | ON049538 |
Diaporthe compacta | ||||
ZJUE0269 | China, C. unshiu | ON035573 | ON221782 | ON049549 |
ZJUE0270 | China, C. unshiu | ON035574 | ON221783 | ON049550 |
Diaporthe phaseolorum | ||||
SWFU20 | China, P. americana | PV056040 | PV056051 | PV056053 |
SWFU21 | China, P. americana | PV056041 | PV056052 | PV056054 |
Ar2 CBS 116019 | USA, Arctium lappa; USA, Caperonia palustris | HM347705 | KC344143 | HM347679 |
PS03 CBS 116020 | Croatia, Glycine max; USA, Symphyotrichum subulatum | HM347702 | KC344144 | HM347670 |
Diaporthe hubeiensis | ||||
ZJUE0393 | China, C. reticulata | OP218147 | OP265666 | OP265602 |
ZJUE0400 | China, C. sinensis | OP218148 | OP265667 | OP265603 |
Diaporthe biguttulata | ||||
ZJUE0369 | China, C. sinensis | OP218118 | OP265637 | OP265573 |
ZJUE0398 | China, C. reticulata | OP218119 | OP265638 | OP265574 |
Diaporthe citriasiana | ||||
ZJUE0217 | China, C. hybrid; C. reticulata; C. reticulata | ON035571 | ON221780 | ON049547 |
ZJUE0286 | China, C. unshiu | ON035572 | ON221781 | ON049548 |
Diaporthe discoidispora | ||||
ZJUE0384 | China, C. sinensis cv. Newhall | OP218131 | OP265650 | OP265586 |
ZJUE0410 | China, C. reticulata | OP218132 | OP265651 | OP265587 |
Diaporthe fulvicolor | ||||
ZJUE0310 | China, C. limon | ON035588 | ON221797 | ON049564 |
ZJUE0311 | China, C. limon | ON035589 | ON221798 | ON049565 |
Diaporthe hongkongensis | ||||
ZJUE0289 | China, C. sinensis | ON035592 | ON221801 | ON049568 |
ZJUE0290 | China, C. sinensis | ON035593 | ON221802 | ON049569 |
Diaporthe apiculate | ||||
ZJUE0357 | China, C. reticulata | OP218106 | OP265625 | OP265561 |
ZJUE0358 | China, C. reticulata | OP218107 | OP265626 | OP265562 |
Diaporthe citri | ||||
ZJUE0154 | China, C. unshiu | ON035564 | ON221773 | ON049540 |
ZJUE0223 | China, C. unshiu | ON035565 | ON221774 | ON049541 |
Diaporthe eres | ||||
ZJUE0148 | China, C. unshiu | ON035577 | ON221786 | ON049553 |
ZJUE0149 | China, C. unshiu | ON035578 | ON221787 | ON049554 |
Diaporthe litchi | ||||
ZJUE033 ZJUE0344 | China, C. maxima; Unknown | OR160298 | OR178895 | OR178892 |
ZJUE0341 | China, C. maxima | OR160299 | OR178896 | OR178893 |
Valsa pyri | ||||
G1H | China, Pyrus sp. | OR122731 | OR876852 | OR876853 |
Species and Strain | Locality, Host/Substrate | GenBank Accession Numbers | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ITS | ACT | GAPDH | ||
Colletotrichum fructicola | ||||
SWFU12 | China, Persea americana | PQ866913 | PQ876936 | PQ997936 |
SWFU13 | China, Persea americana | PQ866914 | PQ876937 | PQ997937 |
PXSL_X43 PCZJJD27 G62A | China, Camellia oleifera; China, Carya illinoensis; Puerto Rico, Dioscorea alata | OQ652404 | OP750663 | KU743270 |
HNPMCs_3_1A PCZJJD26 CgUC21 | Myanmar, Camellia sinensis; China, Unknow; Philippines, Mangifera indica | MZ348542 | OP750697 | MT407955 |
Colletotrichum nupharicola | ||||
C1275.25 | USA, Nuphar polysepala | JX010187 | JX009437 | JX009972 |
C1275.24 | USA, Nuphar polysepala | JX010189 | JX009486 | JX009936 |
Colletotrichum alienum | ||||
C824 | New Zealand, Malus domestica | JX010251 | JX009572 | JX010028 |
C1194.22 | New Zealand, Persea americana | JX010246 | JX009552 | JX009959 |
Colletotrichum aenigma | ||||
C1253.4 | Israel, Persea americana | JX010244 | JX009443 | JX010044 |
C1256.6 | Japan, Pyrus pyrifolia | JX010243 | JX009519 | JX009913 |
Colletotrichum salsolae | ||||
C1314 | Hungary, Salsola tragus | JX010242 | JX009562 | JX009916 |
C1257.6 | Hungary, Glycine max | JX010241 | JX009559 | JX009917 |
Colletotrichum queenslandicum | ||||
C956.1 | Fiji, Coffea sp. | JX010185 | JX009490 | JX010036 |
ICMP 1778 | Australia, Carica papaya | JX010276 | JX009447 | JX009934 |
Colletotrichum asianum | ||||
C1315.4 | Thailand, Coffea arabica | JX010196 | JX009584 | JX010053 |
C1187 | Australia, Mangifera indica | JX010192 | JX009576 | JX009915 |
Colletotrichum musicola | ||||
CBS 132885 | Unknow | MG600736 | MG600942 | MG600798 |
CBS 127557 | Unknow | MG600737 | MG600943 | MG600799 |
Colletotrichum plurivorum | ||||
CBS 125474 | Unknow | MG600718 | MG600925 | MG600781 |
CBS 132443 | Unknow | MG600719 | MG600926 | MG600782 |
Colletotrichum vittalense | ||||
CBS 12625 | Unknow | MG600735 | MG600941 | MG600797 |
CBS 18182 | Unknow | MG600734 | MG600940 | MG600796 |
Colletotrichum orchidearum | ||||
CBS 135131 | Unknow | MG600738 | MG600944 | MG600800 |
CBS 136877 | Unknow | MG600739 | MG600945 | MG600801 |
Colletotrichum magnum | ||||
CBS 51997 | Unknow | MG600769 | MG600973 | MG600829 |
IMI391662 | Unknow | MG600771 | MG600975 | MG600831 |
Colletotrichum sojae | ||||
ATCC 62257 | Unknow | MG600749 | MG600954 | MG600810 |
CBS 128510 | Unknow | MG600751 | MG600956 | MG600812 |
Monilochaetes infuscans | ||||
CBS 869.96 | Unknow | JQ005780 | JQ005843 | JX546612 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ma, A.; Xu, Y.; Feng, H.; Du, Y.; Liu, H.; Yang, S.; Chen, J.; Hao, X. Identification of Avocado Fruit Disease Caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum and Colletotrichum fructicola in China. J. Fungi 2025, 11, 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080547
Ma A, Xu Y, Feng H, Du Y, Liu H, Yang S, Chen J, Hao X. Identification of Avocado Fruit Disease Caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum and Colletotrichum fructicola in China. Journal of Fungi. 2025; 11(8):547. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080547
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Aosiqi, Yuhang Xu, Hongxing Feng, Yanyuan Du, Huan Liu, Song Yang, Jie Chen, and Xin Hao. 2025. "Identification of Avocado Fruit Disease Caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum and Colletotrichum fructicola in China" Journal of Fungi 11, no. 8: 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080547
APA StyleMa, A., Xu, Y., Feng, H., Du, Y., Liu, H., Yang, S., Chen, J., & Hao, X. (2025). Identification of Avocado Fruit Disease Caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum and Colletotrichum fructicola in China. Journal of Fungi, 11(8), 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080547