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Article

The Inevitable Fate of Tetranychus urticae on Tomato Plants Treated with Entomopathogenic Fungi and Spinosad

by
Waqas Wakil
1,2,*,
Maria C. Boukouvala
3,
Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
3,*,
Aqsa Naeem
1,
Dionysios Ntinokas
3,
Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar
4 and
Pasco B. Avery
5
1
Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
2
Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany
3
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
4
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Sargodha University, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
5
Indian River Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute for Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Fungi 2025, 11(2), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020138
Submission received: 23 January 2025 / Revised: 7 February 2025 / Accepted: 8 February 2025 / Published: 12 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi and Insect Interactions: Pathogenicity, Immune Defenses and Biocontrol)
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Abstract

Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a pervasive and damaging mite pest of tomato crops, leading to important economic losses globally. This study evaluated the acaricidal efficacy of spinosad, alone and in combination with Beauveria bassiana (Bb) WG-21 and Metarhizium robertsii (Mr) WG-04, in the laboratory (application to tomato leaf discs) and greenhouse (application to tomato plants), considering mortality and establishment, respectively. The combination treatments of Bb WG-21 or Mr WG-04 with spinosad achieved 100% mortality of T. urticae nymphs within 2 days on leaf discs, while individual applications of each control agent resulted in lower mortalities, ranging between 62.91 and 86.25% after 3 days. The paired treatment of Mr WG-04 + spinosad killed all exposed adults within 5 d, while that of Bb WG-21 + spinosad achieved the same results after 7 d. However, spinosad, Mr WG-04, and Bb WG-21 alone killed ≥77.08% of adults after 7 d. In the greenhouse, the combination treatment of WG-04 + spinosad deterred the presence of T. urticae (adults, immatures, and eggs) on either surface of the tomato leaves, while Bb WG-21 + spinosad suppressed the populations only on the adaxial surface. These findings indicate that combined treatments of the tested EPF + spinosad, especially Mr WG-04, on tomato plants under greenhouse conditions can provide substantially enhanced control of T. urticae life stages compared to each treatment applied alone.
Keywords: two-spotted spider mite; combination treatment applications; Beauveria bassiana; Metarhizium robertsii; spynosins two-spotted spider mite; combination treatment applications; Beauveria bassiana; Metarhizium robertsii; spynosins

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wakil, W.; Boukouvala, M.C.; Kavallieratos, N.G.; Naeem, A.; Ntinokas, D.; Ghazanfar, M.U.; Avery, P.B. The Inevitable Fate of Tetranychus urticae on Tomato Plants Treated with Entomopathogenic Fungi and Spinosad. J. Fungi 2025, 11, 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020138

AMA Style

Wakil W, Boukouvala MC, Kavallieratos NG, Naeem A, Ntinokas D, Ghazanfar MU, Avery PB. The Inevitable Fate of Tetranychus urticae on Tomato Plants Treated with Entomopathogenic Fungi and Spinosad. Journal of Fungi. 2025; 11(2):138. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020138

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wakil, Waqas, Maria C. Boukouvala, Nickolas G. Kavallieratos, Aqsa Naeem, Dionysios Ntinokas, Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar, and Pasco B. Avery. 2025. "The Inevitable Fate of Tetranychus urticae on Tomato Plants Treated with Entomopathogenic Fungi and Spinosad" Journal of Fungi 11, no. 2: 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020138

APA Style

Wakil, W., Boukouvala, M. C., Kavallieratos, N. G., Naeem, A., Ntinokas, D., Ghazanfar, M. U., & Avery, P. B. (2025). The Inevitable Fate of Tetranychus urticae on Tomato Plants Treated with Entomopathogenic Fungi and Spinosad. Journal of Fungi, 11(2), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020138

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