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Article

The Mechanism of Fraxetin as a Sustainable Fungicide for Larch Shoot Blight: Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Stress in Neofusicoccum laricinum

by
Shuang Zhang
1,†,
Ruizhi Zhang
1,2,†,
Rui Xia
1,†,
Xinyan Chen
1,
Jiarui Chen
1,
Yuchun Yang
1,
Majid Mujtaba
1,
Danlei Li
1,2,* and
Feng Wang
1,2,3,*
1
Key Laboratory of Alien Forest Pest Detection and Control-Heilongjiang Province, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
2
Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
J. Fungi 2025, 11(10), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100724
Submission received: 1 September 2025 / Revised: 30 September 2025 / Accepted: 7 October 2025 / Published: 8 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Ecological Interactions of Fungi)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Larch shoot blight, caused by Neofusicoccum laricinum, threatens global larch resources, while conventional chemical control is constrained by pollution and resistance. To address this gap, we integrated metabolomics, transcriptomics, and antifungal efficacy assays to identify Fraxetin, a disease-induced phytoalexin, and to elucidate its antifungal activity and mechanism. Metabolomics showed infection-triggered accumulation of Fraxetin in resistant Larix olgensis shoots. Antifungal experiments showed that within the range of 68–1088 μg/mL, the optimal antifungal concentration was 1088 μg/mL. When inoculated larches were treated with 1088 μg/mL Fraxetin, the maximum inhibition rate of pathogen growth reached 66.67% within 12 days, and the symptoms of the treated plants were alleviated. Transcriptomics revealed activation of damage responses, disruption of oxidative homeostasis, and compromised membrane integrity in the pathogen under Fraxetin treatment. Physiological measurements confirmed increased lipid peroxidation, redox collapse, membrane leakage, and reduced fungal viability. These findings indicate a lipid peroxidation–mediated oxidative–membrane mode of action and support the potential of plant-derived Fraxetin for more sustainable management of larch shoot blight.
Keywords: fraxetin; larch shoot blight; Neofusicoccum laricinum; antifungal mechanism fraxetin; larch shoot blight; Neofusicoccum laricinum; antifungal mechanism

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, S.; Zhang, R.; Xia, R.; Chen, X.; Chen, J.; Yang, Y.; Mujtaba, M.; Li, D.; Wang, F. The Mechanism of Fraxetin as a Sustainable Fungicide for Larch Shoot Blight: Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Stress in Neofusicoccum laricinum. J. Fungi 2025, 11, 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100724

AMA Style

Zhang S, Zhang R, Xia R, Chen X, Chen J, Yang Y, Mujtaba M, Li D, Wang F. The Mechanism of Fraxetin as a Sustainable Fungicide for Larch Shoot Blight: Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Stress in Neofusicoccum laricinum. Journal of Fungi. 2025; 11(10):724. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100724

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Shuang, Ruizhi Zhang, Rui Xia, Xinyan Chen, Jiarui Chen, Yuchun Yang, Majid Mujtaba, Danlei Li, and Feng Wang. 2025. "The Mechanism of Fraxetin as a Sustainable Fungicide for Larch Shoot Blight: Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Stress in Neofusicoccum laricinum" Journal of Fungi 11, no. 10: 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100724

APA Style

Zhang, S., Zhang, R., Xia, R., Chen, X., Chen, J., Yang, Y., Mujtaba, M., Li, D., & Wang, F. (2025). The Mechanism of Fraxetin as a Sustainable Fungicide for Larch Shoot Blight: Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Stress in Neofusicoccum laricinum. Journal of Fungi, 11(10), 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11100724

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