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Volume 11
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10.3390/jcdd11030095
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Review

Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy: Challenges and Advances in Invasive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Modalities

by
Moaz A. Kamel
1,
Isabel G. Scalia
1,
Amro T. Badr
1,
Nima Baba Ali
1,
Juan M. Farina
1,
Milagros Pereyra
1,
Mohammed Tiseer Abbas
1,
Ahmed K. Mahmoud
1,
Robert L. Scott
1,
David E. Steidley
1,
Julie L. Rosenthal
1,
Lisa M. Lemond
1,
Kristen A. Sell-Dottin
2,
Brian W. Hardaway
1,
Timothy Barry
1,
Ming Yang
3,
Chieh-Ju Chao
4,
Clinton E. Jokerst
3,
Chadi Ayoub
1 and
Reza Arsanjani
1,*
1
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
2
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
3
Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
4
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11030095
Submission received: 13 February 2024 / Revised: 15 March 2024 / Accepted: 18 March 2024 / Published: 21 March 2024
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Abstract

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a distinct form of coronary artery disease that represents a major cause of death beyond the first year after heart transplantation. The pathophysiology of CAV is still not completely elucidated; it involves progressive circumferential wall thickening of both the epicardial and intramyocardial coronary arteries. Coronary angiography is still considered the gold-standard test for the diagnosis of CAV, and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) can detect early intimal thickening with improved sensitivity. However, these tests are invasive and are unable to visualize and evaluate coronary microcirculation. Increasing evidence for non-invasive surveillance techniques assessing both epicardial and microvascular components of CAV may help improve early detection. These include computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and vasodilator stress myocardial contrast echocardiography perfusion imaging. This review summarizes the current state of diagnostic modalities and their utility and prognostic value for CAV and also evaluates emerging tools that may improve the early detection of this complex disease.
Keywords: cardiac allograft vasculopathy; angiography; echocardiography; nuclear imaging cardiac allograft vasculopathy; angiography; echocardiography; nuclear imaging

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kamel, M.A.; Scalia, I.G.; Badr, A.T.; Baba Ali, N.; Farina, J.M.; Pereyra, M.; Abbas, M.T.; Mahmoud, A.K.; Scott, R.L.; Steidley, D.E.; et al. Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy: Challenges and Advances in Invasive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Modalities. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11, 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11030095

AMA Style

Kamel MA, Scalia IG, Badr AT, Baba Ali N, Farina JM, Pereyra M, Abbas MT, Mahmoud AK, Scott RL, Steidley DE, et al. Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy: Challenges and Advances in Invasive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Modalities. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2024; 11(3):95. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11030095

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kamel, Moaz A., Isabel G. Scalia, Amro T. Badr, Nima Baba Ali, Juan M. Farina, Milagros Pereyra, Mohammed Tiseer Abbas, Ahmed K. Mahmoud, Robert L. Scott, David E. Steidley, and et al. 2024. "Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy: Challenges and Advances in Invasive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Modalities" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 11, no. 3: 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11030095

APA Style

Kamel, M. A., Scalia, I. G., Badr, A. T., Baba Ali, N., Farina, J. M., Pereyra, M., Abbas, M. T., Mahmoud, A. K., Scott, R. L., Steidley, D. E., Rosenthal, J. L., Lemond, L. M., Sell-Dottin, K. A., Hardaway, B. W., Barry, T., Yang, M., Chao, C.-J., Jokerst, C. E., Ayoub, C., & Arsanjani, R. (2024). Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy: Challenges and Advances in Invasive and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Modalities. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 11(3), 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11030095

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