Cardiac Morphofunctional Characteristics of Individuals with Early Repolarization Pattern: A Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Diagnostic Criteria
3. Prevalence
4. Arrhythmic Risk
5. Electrophysiological and Genetic Background
6. Cardiac Morphofunctional Characteristics of Individuals with ERP
6.1. Conventional Echocardiography
6.2. Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
6.3. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
6.4. Particularities of Cardiac Morphofunctional Characteristics of Athletes with ERP
6.5. Particularities of Cardiac Morphofunctional Characteristics in the General Population with ERP
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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A QRS terminal notch or slur is present in the descending part of the R wave. If a notch is present, it must be completely above the baseline. In the case of a slur, its starting point must be above the baseline. |
The amplitude of the J-point elevation is ≥0.1 mV in at least two contiguous leads on the 12-lead ECG. Leads V1 to V3 must be excluded. |
The QRS length must be <120 ms. |
Ion Channel | Function | Locus | Gene | Protein |
---|---|---|---|---|
IK-ATP | ↑ | 12p11.23 | KCNJ8 | Kir6.1 |
IK-ATP | ↑ | 12p12.1 | ABCC9 | SUR2A |
ICa | ↓ | 12p13.3 | CACNA1C, | Cav1.2 |
ICa | ↓ | 10p12.33 | CACNB2b | Cavß2b |
ICa | ↓ | 7q21.11 | CACNA2D1 | Cavα2δ1 |
INa | ↓ | 3p21 | SCN5A | Nav1.5 |
INa | ↓ | 3p22.2 | SCN10A | Nav1.8 |
Study | Imaging Technique | n | Age, Years | Men, % | ERP, % | Parameter Difference * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athletes | ||||||
Quattrini et al. [47] | ECHO | 704 | 25 ± 5 | 62 | 14.0 | 3 |
Reinhard et al. [48] | ECHO | 623 | 21 ± 5 | 60.7 | 17.3 | 5 |
Serra-Grim et al. [49] | ECHO | 299 | 20 ± 6.4 | 66 | 31.4 | 1 |
Aagaard et al. [50] | ECHO | 151 | 50.9 ± 4.9 | 100 | 44.3 | 1 |
Miragoli et al. [51] | ECHO | 414 | 13.6 ± 1.8 | 72 | 22.0 | 3 |
Çöllüoğlu et al. [60] | ECHO, STE | 100 | 35.0 ± 11.5 | 49 | 50 | 9 |
General population | ||||||
Trenkwalder et al. [52] | ECHO | 13878 | 54.6 ± 11 | 48.9 | 6.6 | 12 |
Ilkhanoff et al. [53] | ECHO | 1701 | 25.2 ± 3.5 | 41.9 | - | 3 |
Szabó et al. [54] | ECHO | 62 | 22.5 ± 1.5 | 100 | 48.3 | 2 |
Liu et al. [56] | ECHO | 77 | 31.6 ± 7.2 | 96.1 | 42.8 | 1 |
Gülel et al. [59] | ECHO, STE | 60 | 25.5 ± 6.2 | 75 | 58.3 | 5 |
McNamara et al. [63] | cMRI | 2753 | 43 ± 9.5 | 45.1 | 9.9 | 1 |
Patients with HCM | ||||||
Azevedo et al. [65] | cMRI | 85 | 56 ± 15 | 62.3 | 10.5 | 3 |
Parameter | Imaging Technique | Increased in ERP+ | Decreased in ERP+ | No Difference |
---|---|---|---|---|
LVM | ECHO | [47], [51] | [48]M, [48]F, [50], [60] | |
IVS | ECHO | [51] | [48]M, [48]F, [49], [50], [60] | |
LVPWT | ECHO | [47], [48]F, [51] | [48]M, [48]F, [49] | |
RWT | ECHO | [51], [60] | ||
LVEDD | ECHO | [47], [49], [60] | [48]M, [48]F, [50], [51] | |
LVESD | ECHO | [48]M, [48]F, [51] | ||
LVEDV | ECHO | [51], [60] | ||
LVESV | ECHO | [60] | [51] | |
EF | ECHO | [47], [49], [50], [60] | ||
E | ECHO | [60] | [47] | |
A | ECHO | [47], [60] | ||
E/A | ECHO | [50] | [48]M, [48]F, [60] | |
DT | ECHO | [48]M, [48]F | ||
S’ | [47], [50] | |||
E’ | ECHO | [47], [50] | ||
A’ | ECHO | [47], [50] | ||
E/E’ | ECHO | [48]M, [48]F, [60] | ||
LAD | ECHO | [48], [60] | [47], [48]M, [48]F, [49], [60] | |
AoR | ECHO | [60] | [48]M, [48]F | |
RVD | ECHO | [60] | ||
GLS | STE | [60] | ||
GCS | STE | [60] |
Parameter | Imaging Technique | Increased in ERP+ | Decreased in ERP+ | No Difference |
---|---|---|---|---|
LVM | ECHO, cMRI | [63]M, [63]F | [52]M, [53] | [52]F, [54], [59] |
IVS | ECHO | [52]F | [52]M, [53], [54], [59] | |
LVPWT | ECHO | [52]F | [52]M, [53], [54], [56], [59] | |
RWT | ECHO | [52]F | [52]M, [56] | |
LVEDD | ECHO | [52]F, [53] | [52]M, [52]F | [54], [56], [59] |
LVESD | ECHO | [52]M, [52]F | [54], [59] | |
LVEDV | ECHO | [52]M, [52]F | [53], [54] | |
LVESV | ECHO | [52]M, [53], [54] | [52]F | |
EF | ECHO | [52]M, [52]F, [53], [54], [59] | ||
E | ECHO | [54] | ||
A | ECHO | [54] | ||
E/A | ECHO | [52]M | [52]F, [54], [59] | |
DT | ECHO | [52]M, [52]F | ||
E’ | ECHO | [52]M | [52]F, [54] | |
E/E’ | ECHO | [52]M, [59] | [52]F, [54] | |
LAD | ECHO, cMRI | [54], [56], [59], [63] | ||
AoR | ECHO | [54], [59] | ||
RVD | ECHO | [54] | ||
GLS | STE | [59] | ||
GCS | STE | [59] |
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Kocsis, L.; Pap, Z.; Frigy, A. Cardiac Morphofunctional Characteristics of Individuals with Early Repolarization Pattern: A Literature Review. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10010004
Kocsis L, Pap Z, Frigy A. Cardiac Morphofunctional Characteristics of Individuals with Early Repolarization Pattern: A Literature Review. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2023; 10(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10010004
Chicago/Turabian StyleKocsis, Loránd, Zsuzsanna Pap, and Attila Frigy. 2023. "Cardiac Morphofunctional Characteristics of Individuals with Early Repolarization Pattern: A Literature Review" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 10, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10010004
APA StyleKocsis, L., Pap, Z., & Frigy, A. (2023). Cardiac Morphofunctional Characteristics of Individuals with Early Repolarization Pattern: A Literature Review. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 10(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10010004