Leishmania infantum Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Cats and Dogs: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location, Period of Sampling and Animal Enrollment
2.2. Sample Collection, Blood Cell Count and Blood Smear Evaluation
2.3. Clinical Evaluation
2.4. Feline and Canine IFN-γ- Release Whole Blood Assays and Sandwich ELISAs
2.5. Serum Antibody Detection against L. Infantum Antigen
2.6. Serum Anti-FIV Antibody Detection
2.7. Leishmania Infantum DNA Extraction and Real Time PCR
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cats and Dogs Data
3.2. Antibody Detection against L. Infantum Antigen
3.3. PCR
3.4. LSA-IFN-γ Release Whole Blood Assay
3.5. ConA-IFN-γ Release Whole Blood Assay
3.6. Overall Positivity
3.7. FIV
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Cat N (%) Dog N (%) | p | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex * | 0.0466 | 2.018 | 1.044–3.765 | ||
Female | 63 (57.8) | 27 (45.8) | |||
Male | 37 (34) | 32 (54.2) | |||
Unreported | 9 (8.2) | 0 | |||
Age class * | 0.0053 | 4.474 | 1.515–12.39 | ||
Young | 26 (23.8) | 4 (6.8) | |||
Adult and old | 77 (70.6) | 53 (89.8) | |||
Unknown | 6 (5.5) | 2 (3.4) | |||
Breed | na | na | na | ||
Cat | |||||
DSH | 109 | na | |||
Dog | |||||
Crossbreed | na | 20 (33.9) | |||
AWCRHD | na | 1 (1.7) | |||
JRT | na | 1 (1.7) | |||
Greyhound | na | 32 (54.2) | |||
German shepherd | na | 1 (1.7) | |||
Podenco | na | 2 (3.4) | |||
Shar-pei | na | 1 (1.7) | |||
Pointer | na | 1 (1.7) |
Test and Species | N (%) | Median | 25th–75th Percentile | Range | p | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MWT | FET | |||||||
ELISA and/or IFAT | na | ns | na | na | ||||
Cats | 26/107 (24.3) | na | na | na | ||||
Dogs | 16/59 (27.1) | na | na | na | ||||
ELISA (EU) * | 0.0035 | 0.0020 | 7.075 | 1.907–24.53 | ||||
Cats | 3/107 (2.8) | 14.75 | 13.69–19.57 | 13.69–19.57 | ||||
Dogs | 10/59 (17) | 297.9 | 40.43–400 | 36.51–400 | ||||
IFAT (Titer) * | <0.0001 | |||||||
Cats | 24/109 (22) | 1:80 | 1:80–1:160 | 1:80–1:320 | ||||
Dogs | 16/59 (27.1) | 1:640 | 1:160–1:5120 | 1:160–1:10,280 | ||||
PCR (am/mL) | ||||||||
Cats | 9/109 (8.3) | 60 | 47.5–72.5 | 30–75 | ||||
Dogs | 7/59 (11.9) | 82 | 10–250 | 5–440 | ||||
LSA-IFN-γ (pg/mL) | ||||||||
Cats § | 9/57 (15.8) | 45.5 | 40.1–79.5 | 33.5–172.3 | ||||
Dogs # | 6/29 (20.7) | 176.2 | 72.2–2465.1 | 70.6–3241 | ||||
ConA-IFN-γ (pg/mL) | ||||||||
Cats § | 55/57 (96.5) | 1531.5 | 203.6–4295 | 35.1–9492.6 | ||||
Dogs # | 28/29 (96.5) | 2048.5 | 593.8–2534 | 69.5–5319 | ||||
Overall positivity | ||||||||
Cats | 32/107 (30) ^ | |||||||
20/57 (35.1) ~ | na | na | na | |||||
Dogs | 18/59 (30.5) ^ | |||||||
13/29 (44.8) ~ | na | na | na |
LSA-IFN-γ | IFAT (N, Titer) | ELISA | IFAT + ELISA | PCR |
---|---|---|---|---|
Producer dogs: 6 | 1 (1:160) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Producer cats: 9 | 3 (1:80) | 1 (19.6 EU) | 0 | 0 |
Not producer dogs: 23 | 5 (1:160–1:10,280) | 3 (41.3–400 EU) | 3 | 4 |
Not producer cats: 48 | 8 (1:80–1:320) | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Reference | Country (Region or City) | Lifestyle | Number of Cats Studied | Percentage of Positivity to Leishmania infantum by Serological and PCR Tests | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IFAT (Cut off) | ELISA (Serum Dilution) | Western Blot (Serum Dilution) | PCR (Tissue) | ||||
Alcover et al., 2021 [45] | Spain (Zaragoza) | Stray | 180 | 2.2 (1:20) | 2.8% (1:200) | 14.5 (1:200) | 5.6 (blood) |
Miró et al., 2014 [46] | Spain (Madrid) | Stray | 346 | 3.2 (1:100) | n.p. | n.p. | 0 (blood) |
Montoya et al., 2018 [47] | Spain (Madrid, Toledo, Guadalajara, Cuenca) | Stray | 632 | 4.8 (1:100) | n.p | n.p. | 0 (blood) 0 (skin) |
Millán et al., 2011 [48] | Spain (Mallorca) | Stray | 86 | n.p | n.p. | 16 (1:10) | 26 (blood and/or spleen) |
Spada et al., 2013 [49] | Italy (Milan) | Stray | 233 | 25.3 (1:40) | n.p. | n.p. | 0 (blood) |
Spada et al., 2016 [50] | Italy (Milan) | Stray | 90 | 30 (1:40) | n.p. | n.p. | 1.1 (blood) 1.1 (lymph node) 0 (conjunctival swabs) |
Spada et al., 2020 [51] | Italy (Milan) | Stray | 117 | 4.9 (1:80) | n.p. | n.p. | 0 (blood) 4.3 (lymph node) 0 (conjunctival swabs) |
Morganti et al., 2019 [52] | Italy (Umbria, Tuscany, Marche) | Cattery and colony cats | 286 | 10.8 (1:40) | n.p | n.p. | 0% (blood) 15.7% (conjunctival swabs) |
Duarte et al., 2010 [53] | Portugal (Lisbon) | Stray | 231 | 0.6 (1:40) | n.p. | n.p. | n.p. |
Maia et al., 2014 [54] | Portugal (Lisbon, Setúbal, Faro) | Stray Owned indoors and outodoors | 329 320 | n.p. | n.p | n.p. | 8.6 (blood) |
Diakou et al., 2009 [55] | Greece (Thessaloniki) | Stray | 284 | n.p. | 3.87% (n.a.) | n.p. | n.p. |
Diakou et al., 2017 [56] | Greece (Crete, Mykonos, Skopelos, Athens) | Stray and free-roaming | 148 | 6.1 (1:80) | n.p. | n.p. | 6.1 (blood) |
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Priolo, V.; Martínez-Orellana, P.; Pennisi, M.G.; Raya-Bermúdez, A.I.; Jurado-Tarifa, E.; Masucci, M.; Donato, G.; Bruno, F.; Castelli, G.; Solano-Gallego, L. Leishmania infantum Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Cats and Dogs: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090482
Priolo V, Martínez-Orellana P, Pennisi MG, Raya-Bermúdez AI, Jurado-Tarifa E, Masucci M, Donato G, Bruno F, Castelli G, Solano-Gallego L. Leishmania infantum Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Cats and Dogs: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(9):482. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090482
Chicago/Turabian StylePriolo, Vito, Pamela Martínez-Orellana, Maria Grazia Pennisi, Ana Isabel Raya-Bermúdez, Estefania Jurado-Tarifa, Marisa Masucci, Giulia Donato, Federica Bruno, Germano Castelli, and Laia Solano-Gallego. 2022. "Leishmania infantum Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Cats and Dogs: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 9: 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090482