Comparison of Low- and High-Cost Infrared Thermal Imaging Devices for the Detection of Lameness in Dairy Cattle
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Lameness
1.2. Lameness Detection
1.3. Thermography
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Design
2.1.1. Data Collection
2.1.2. Data Processing
2.2. Statistical Analysis
2.2.1. Environmental Factor Analysis
2.2.2. Adjusted Temperature Analysis
2.2.3. Temperature Difference Analysis
2.2.4. Threshold Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Factor Results
3.2. Adjusted Temperature Results
3.3. Temperature Difference Results
3.4. Threshold Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Findings
4.1.1. Environmental Factor Findings
4.1.2. Adjusted Temperature Findings
4.1.3. Temperature Difference Findings
4.1.4. Threshold Findings
4.2. Implications
4.3. Limitations
4.4. Further Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Camera | Resolution (Pixels) | Thermal Sensitivity (°C) | Temperature Range (°C) | Accuracy | Approximate Cost |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAT s62-Pro Smartphone | 160 × 120 | <0.05 | −20 to 400 | 3% or 3 °C | GBP 400 |
FLIR T620bx | 640 × 480 | <0.04 | −40 to 650 | 2% or 2 °C | GBP 20,000 |
AHDB Lameness Score | Criteria | Suggested Response |
---|---|---|
0 | Locomotion with smooth and long steps. Weightbearing evenly across all 4 feet. The back is flat | Routine trim if needed |
1 | Uneven rhythm to gait or uneven weightbearing Shortened stride-length The affected limb is not identifiable | Routine trim when needed |
2 | Uneven weight bearing on an identifiable limb Shortened stride-length Arched back | Lift the foot to identify the issue as soon as possible |
3 | Very lame Unable to maintain pace speed of a human walking May be limping | Urgent medical attention needed; the animal should not be made to walk. |
Data Collection Day | Ambient Temperature (°C) | Humidity (%) | LCD: Mean and Standard Deviation (±°C) | HCD: Mean and Standard Deviation (±°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 10 | 61 | 25.09 ± 4.479 | 26.07 ± 4.074 |
2 | 10 | 86 | 26.31 ± 3.819 | 26.72 ± 4.054 |
3 | 2 | 83 | 18.26 ± 5.249 | 21.82 ± 4.825 |
4 | 5 | 90 | 22.21 ± 4.089 | 23.40 ± 4.462 |
Device Used | Test | Threshold Value (°C) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Positive Predictive value (PPV) (%) | Negative Predictive Value (NPV) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LCD | Maximum adjusted temperature | 2.40 | 64.41 | 64.53 | 51.35 | 75.72 |
HCD | Maximum adjusted temperature | 2.40 | 69.49 | 66.01 | 54.30 | 78.82 |
LCD | Temperature difference | 1.85 | 66.95 | 61.08 | 50.00 | 76.07 |
HCD | Temperature difference | 1.85 | 70.34 | 70.94 | 58.45 | 80.45 |
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Coe, A.; Blackie, N. Comparison of Low- and High-Cost Infrared Thermal Imaging Devices for the Detection of Lameness in Dairy Cattle. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080414
Coe A, Blackie N. Comparison of Low- and High-Cost Infrared Thermal Imaging Devices for the Detection of Lameness in Dairy Cattle. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(8):414. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080414
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoe, Aidan, and Nicola Blackie. 2022. "Comparison of Low- and High-Cost Infrared Thermal Imaging Devices for the Detection of Lameness in Dairy Cattle" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 8: 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9080414