Microscopical Evaluation of Smears of the Leptomeninges to Predict Meningitis in Piglets
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Animals
2.2. Necropsy and Sampling
2.3. Bacterial Culture
2.4. Cytological Examination of Smears of the Leptomeninges
- Low: maximum of 5 neutrophils per 400× magnification field, only found after thorough searching. Other visible cells only comprised monomorphous, flat spindeloid to sometimes slightly cuboidal cells which were regularly surrounded by some faint fibrillar extracellular matrix (fibroblasts with collagen) (Figure 1a,b). No other clusters of potential mononuclear inflammatory cells were visible.
- Moderate: amid areas with fibroblasts and collagen, small focal to multifocal clusters of neutrophils (5–100 per 400× magnification field), mostly only spotted after some searching through the slide. Sometimes, clusters of heterogeneous round cells were observed (Figure 1c,d) that did not resemble the monomorphous flat to cuboidal fibroblastic cells (likely mononuclear inflammatory cells).
- High: large numbers (>100, ‘uncountable’) of neutrophils already visible with low magnification (40–100×) in almost every frame viewed (Figure 1e,f). The presence of other cell types (mononuclear inflammatory cells, fibroblasts) was generally obscured due to the large numbers of neutrophils.
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bacterial Cultures of the Leptomeninges
3.2. Presence of Neutrophilic Granulocytes in the Cytologic Impression Smears
3.3. Presence of Bacteria in the Cytology Smears
3.4. Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Values of Microscopic Evaluation of Smears of the Leptomeninges (Abundance of Neutrophils, Presence of Short Chains of Coccoid Bacteria)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abundance of Neutrophils in Smear | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial Culture | High (n = 18) | Moderate (n = 17) | Low (n = 19) | Total | |
Negative | 1 | 3 | 14 | 18 | |
Positive | Streptococcus spp. | 10 | 12 | 2 | 24 |
E. coli | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
G. parasuis | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
E. coli and Streptococcus spp. | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
Mixed culture and Streptococcus spp. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
Mixed culture | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
Short Chains of Coccoid Shaped Bacteria in Smear | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial Culture | Present (n = 12) | Absent (n = 42) | Total | |
Negative | 0 | 18 | 18 | |
Positive | Streptococcus spp. | 10 | 14 | 24 |
E. coli | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
G. parasuis | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
E. coli and Streptococcus spp. | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
Mixed culture and Streptococcus spp. | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
Mixed culture | 0 | 5 | 5 |
Bacterial Culture of Leptomeninges | |||
---|---|---|---|
Abundance of Neutrophils in Smear of the Leptomeninges | Positive | Negative | Total |
High and moderate | 31 | 4 | 35 |
Low | 5 | 14 | 19 |
Total | 36 | 18 | 54 |
Streptococcus spp. Found in Bacterial Culture | |||
---|---|---|---|
Presence of Short Chains of Coccoid Shapes | Yes | No | Total |
Yes | 12 | 0 | 12 |
No | 16 | 26 | 42 |
Total | 28 | 26 | 54 |
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Schyns, M.; Maes, D.; Kuller, W.; Weerts, E. Microscopical Evaluation of Smears of the Leptomeninges to Predict Meningitis in Piglets. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070341
Schyns M, Maes D, Kuller W, Weerts E. Microscopical Evaluation of Smears of the Leptomeninges to Predict Meningitis in Piglets. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(7):341. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070341
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchyns, Marc, Dominiek Maes, Wikke Kuller, and Erik Weerts. 2022. "Microscopical Evaluation of Smears of the Leptomeninges to Predict Meningitis in Piglets" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 7: 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070341