Overweight Management through Mild Caloric Restriction in Multigenerational Long-Tailed Macaque Breeding Groups
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Housing
2.2. Diet and Caloric Restriction
2.3. Data Collection
2.3.1. Health Checks
2.3.2. Health and Reproductive Records
2.4. Data Analyses
2.5. Animal Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Adult Overweight
3.2. Biochemical Parameters of Adults
3.3. Immature Growth
3.4. Health Records
3.5. Reproductive Success
4. Discussion
4.1. Adult Overweight and Biochemical Parameters
4.2. Immature Growth
4.3. Health Records and Reproductive Success
4.4. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Case | Period | Age/Sex/Rank | Medical Condition |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Before CR | 12, M, high | Diabetes mellitus and diarrhea |
2 | Before CR | 20, F, low | Diabetes mellitus |
3 | Before CR | 12, F, high | Diarrhea |
4 | After CR | 17, F, middle | Diabetes mellitus |
5 | After CR | 13, F, high | Diarrhea |
6 | After CR | 20, F, middle | Diabetes mellitus |
7 | After CR | 22, F, low | Diarrhea |
8 | After CR | 11, F, middle | Diarrhea |
9 | After CR | 19, F, middle | Diabetes mellitus |
10 | After CR | 24, F, low | Diarrhea |
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Food Item | Before CR | After CR |
---|---|---|
Monkey chow | 141 ± 36 g (range 79–294) | 115 ± 37 g (range 65–265) |
Fruit and vegetables | 100/150 g | 80/120 g |
Bread | 1 slice (~30 g) | 1 slice (~30 g) |
Grain mixture | 20 g | 15 g |
n | Before CR | After CR | |
---|---|---|---|
Body measures | |||
Body weight (kg) | 46 | 6.7 ± 0.2 (4.25–11.5) | 6.3 ± 0.2 (3.7–12.0) * |
Abdominal circumference (cm) | 38 | 43.2 ± 0.9 (29.4–56.9) | 39.4 ± 0.9 (25.0–51.5) * |
WHI (kg/m2.7) | 46 | 57.2 ± 1.2 (40.5–78.4) | 53.8 ± 1.0 (35.5–68.9) * |
Biochemical parameters | |||
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 45 | 3.16 ± 0.11 (1.69–4.93) | 2.96 ± 0.11 (1.53–4.74) * |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 45 | 1.46 ± 0.13 (0.35–4.67) | 1.33 ± 0.14 (0.26–3.91) |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 45 | 3.56 ± 0.20 (1.67–7.61) | 3.48 ± 0.24 (1.56–11.7) |
Fructosamine (umol/L) | 45 | 189 ± 3.5 (140–250) | 187 ± 2.8 (153–244) |
HbA1c (%) | 12 | 4.37 ± 0.14 (3.81–5.59) | 4.18 ± 0.07 (3.86–4.67) |
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Zijlmans, D.G.M.; Maaskant, A.; Louwerse, A.L.; Sterck, E.H.M.; Langermans, J.A.M. Overweight Management through Mild Caloric Restriction in Multigenerational Long-Tailed Macaque Breeding Groups. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9060262
Zijlmans DGM, Maaskant A, Louwerse AL, Sterck EHM, Langermans JAM. Overweight Management through Mild Caloric Restriction in Multigenerational Long-Tailed Macaque Breeding Groups. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(6):262. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9060262
Chicago/Turabian StyleZijlmans, Dian G. M., Annemiek Maaskant, Annet L. Louwerse, Elisabeth H. M. Sterck, and Jan A. M. Langermans. 2022. "Overweight Management through Mild Caloric Restriction in Multigenerational Long-Tailed Macaque Breeding Groups" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 6: 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9060262