Stray Dogs and Public Health: Population Estimation in Punjab, India
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Selection of Villages and Wards
2.3. Stray Dog Count
2.4. Population Size Estimates
2.4.1. Lincoln–Petersen’s Formula with Chapman’s Correction
2.4.2. Recapture Probability
2.4.3. SuperDuplicates Method
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Number and Density of Stray Dogs in Village(s)/Ward(s)
3.2. Stray Dog Count in Punjab
3.3. Abnormalities Detected in Stray Dogs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Count | Category | Min | Q1 | Median | Q3 | Max | Mean | Min | Q1 | Median | Q3 | Max | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lincoln–Petersen Formula with Chapman’s Correction | Super Duplicates Method | ||||||||||||
Dogs/village or ward | Rural | 13 | 26 | 33 | 50 | 71 | 38 | 24 | 49 | 61 | 97 | 124 | 71 |
Urban | 21 | 40 | 65 | 78 | 151 | 68 | 35 | 65 | 112 | 147 | 254 | 116 | |
Dogs/km2 | Rural | 150 | 238 | 291 | 371 | 506 | 310 | 282 | 438 | 558 | 698 | 952 | 577 |
Urban | 59 | 159 | 244 | 340 | 500 | 256 | 101 | 258 | 405 | 647 | 784 | 437 | |
Dogs/1000 adult humans | Rural | 13 | 22 | 26 | 35 | 43 | 27 | 25 | 41 | 49 | 60 | 79 | 50 |
Urban | 9 | 17 | 20 | 37 | 66 | 28 | 16 | 29 | 33 | 60 | 142 | 50 |
Count | Category | Mean Population | 95% CI | Ratio | p-Value | Mean Population | 95% CI | Ratio | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lincoln–Petersen Formula with Chapman’s Correction | Super Duplicates Method | ||||||||
Dogs/km2 | Rural | 310 | 262, 358 | 1.21 | 0.23 | 577 | 489, 666 | 1.32 | 0.08 |
Urban | 256 | 185, 328 | 437 | 306, 568 | |||||
Dogs/1000 adult human population | Rural | 27 | 22, 31 | 1.04 | 0.66 | 51 | 40, 59 | 1.16 | 0.34 |
Urban | 26 | 18, 32 | 44 | 31, 55 | |||||
Dogs/km2 | Male | 165 | 142, 188 | 1.24 | 0.03 | 305 | 261, 349 | 1.21 | 0.03 |
Female | 133 | 110, 156 | 252 | 208, 296 | |||||
Dogs/1000 adult humans | Male | 15 | 12, 17 | 1.25 | 0.01 | 27 | 22, 31 | 1.23 | 0.04 |
Female | 12 | 10, 13 | 22 | 18, 25 | |||||
Dogs/km2 | Young | 69 | 45, 93 | 0.31 | <0.001 | 133 | 86, 180 | 0.32 | <0.001 |
Adult | 224 | 200, 248 | 418 | 371, 465 | |||||
Dogs/1000 adult humans | Young | 6 | 5, 7 | 0.29 | 0.001 | 12 | 9, 13 | 0.32 | <0.001 |
Adult | 21 | 17, 24 | 38 | 31, 43 |
Category | State-Level Data | Total Number of Dogs (1000 s) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lincoln–Petersen Formula with Chapman’s Correction | Super Duplicates Method | ||||||
Mean | LCL | UCL | Mean | LCL | UCL | ||
Number of villages and wards | |||||||
Rural | 12,581 | 465 | 351 | 551 | 868 | 642 | 1032 |
Urban | 2496 | 157 | 100 | 206 | 265 | 170 | 205 |
Total | 12,581 and 2496 | 622 | 451 | 757 | 1133 | 812 | 1237 |
Residential built up area (km2) | |||||||
Rural | 1857 | 576 | 487 | 665 | 1071 | 908 | 1237 |
Urban | 1139 | 292 | 211 | 374 | 498 | 349 | 647 |
Total | 2997 | 868 | 698 | 1039 | 1569 | 1257 | 1884 |
Adult human population | |||||||
Rural | 12,201,170 | 329 | 268 | 378 | 622 | 488 | 720 |
Urban | 7,315,518 | 190 | 132 | 234 | 322 | 227 | 402 |
Total | 19,516,688 | 519 | 400 | 612 | 944 | 715 | 1122 |
Type of Abnormality | Frequency | Relative Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Rural areas | ||
Wounds | 7 | 0.82 |
Skin diseases (scabies/mange/inflammation) | 11 | 1.30 |
Fractures | 2 | 0.23 |
Hind-limb paralysis | 3 | 0.35 |
Emaciation | 14 | 1.65 |
Mandibular deformity | 1 | 0.11 |
Gross health abnormalities | 38 | 4.40 |
Urban areas | ||
Wounds | 7 | 0.99 |
Skin diseases (scabies/mange/inflammation) | 8 | 1.14 |
Fractures | 2 | 0.28 |
Hind-limb paralysis | 4 | 0.57 |
Emaciation | 12 | 1.71 |
Gross health abnormalities | 33 | 4.70 |
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Gill, G.S.; Singh, B.B.; Dhand, N.K.; Aulakh, R.S.; Ward, M.P.; Brookes, V.J. Stray Dogs and Public Health: Population Estimation in Punjab, India. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020075
Gill GS, Singh BB, Dhand NK, Aulakh RS, Ward MP, Brookes VJ. Stray Dogs and Public Health: Population Estimation in Punjab, India. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(2):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020075
Chicago/Turabian StyleGill, Gurlal S., Balbir B. Singh, Navneet K. Dhand, Rabinder S. Aulakh, Michael P. Ward, and Victoria J. Brookes. 2022. "Stray Dogs and Public Health: Population Estimation in Punjab, India" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 2: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020075
APA StyleGill, G. S., Singh, B. B., Dhand, N. K., Aulakh, R. S., Ward, M. P., & Brookes, V. J. (2022). Stray Dogs and Public Health: Population Estimation in Punjab, India. Veterinary Sciences, 9(2), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9020075