Retrospective Study on Risk Factors and Short-Term Outcome of Horses Referred for Colic from 2016 to 2022
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
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- spasmolytics, NSAIDs, crystalloids, and enteral fluid therapy
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- spasmolytics, NSAIDs, gastroprotectants, opioids, and metoclopramide
- -
- spasmolytics and enteral fluid therapy
- -
- NSAIDs and enteral fluid therapy
- -
- NSAIDs and alpha-2-agonists
- -
- spasmolytics, NSAIDs, and alpha-2 agonists
- -
- spasmolytics and alpha-2-agonists
- -
- spasmolytics and NSAIDs
- -
- antibiotics and corticosteroids
- -
- NSAIDs and crystalloids
- -
- NSAIDs, alpha-2-agonists, and metoclopramide
- -
- NSAIDs, alpha-2-agonists, and crystalloids
- -
- alpha-2-agonists and crystalloids
- -
- NSAIDs, crystalloids, and enteral fluid therapy
- -
- corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and alpha-2-agonists
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Surgery (n = 82) | Medical Treatment (n = 75) | Total (n = 157) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Gelding | 25 (30%) | 22 (29%) | 47 (30%) |
Female | 29 (36%) | 37 (49%) | 66 (42%) |
Stallion | 28 (34%) | 16 (22%) | 44 (28%) |
Age | 9.73 ± 5.09 | 11.32 ± 5.69 | 10.5 ± 5.5 |
Body weight | 467.08 ± 115.45 | 469.66 ± 83.9 | 467.29 ± 103.04 |
Discharged (n = 102) | Non-Discharged (n = 55) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
BW (kg) | 464.6 ± 109.31 | 473.6 ± 96.88 | 0.685 |
Age (years) | 10.3 ± 4.95 | 10.9 ± 6.47 | 0.583 |
Gender | F 44 (28%) M 25 (16%) Gelding 33 (21%) | F 22 (14%) M 19 (12%) Gelding 14 (9%) | 0.3314 |
Breed | Thoroughbreds 18 (11%) Warmbloods 39 (25%) Western riding horses 25 (16%) Spanish horses 1 (1%) Friesians 5 (3%) Others 14 (9%) | Thoroughbreds 13 (10%) Warmbloods 15 (9%) Western riding horses 13 (8%) Spanish horses 2 (1%) Friesians 2 (1%) Others 10 (6%) | 0.5529 |
Variable | Discharged (n = 102) | Non-Discharged (n = 55) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Distance from the surgical facility (km) | Close 26 (16.5%) | Close 8 (5%) | 0.6034 |
Medium 47 (30%) | Medium 21 (13%) | ||
Far 23 (14.5%) | Far 12 (8%) | ||
NA 6 (4%) | NA 14 (9%) | ||
Progression of clinical signs | No progression 3 (2%) | No progression 4 (2.5%) | 0.04 |
Deteriorating 15 (9.5%) | Deteriorating 6 (4%) | ||
Improved 8 (5%) | Improved 0 (0) | ||
NA 76 (48%) | NA 45 (29%) | ||
Medication received before referral | NSAIDs 18 (11.5%) | NSAIDs 8 (5%) | 0.8 |
Mixed 50 (32%) | Mixed 25 (16%) | ||
No medication 26 (16%) | No medication 13 (8.5%) | ||
Spasmolytics 4 (2.5%) | Spasmolytics 2 (1.5%) | ||
Crystalloids 1 (0.5%) | Crystalloids 0 (0) | ||
Alpha-2 agonists 1 (0.5%) | Alpha-2 agonists 2 (1.5%) | ||
NA 2 (1.5%) | NA 5 (3%) | ||
Season of admission | January–March 17 (11%) | January–March 16 (10%) | 0.55 |
April–June 33 (21%) | April–June 17 (11%) | ||
July–September 26 (17%) | July–September 11 (6.5%) | ||
October–December 26 (17%) | October–December 11 (6.5%) | ||
Time of admission | Morning 14 (9%) | Morning 10 (6.5%) | 0.2447 |
Afternoon 22 (14%) | Afternoon 12 (7.5%) | ||
Evening–night 28 (18%) | Evening–night 9 (6%) | ||
NA 38 (24%) | NA 24 (15%) | ||
Severity of pain | None 9 (6%) | None 0 (0) | 0.07 |
Mild 26 (16.5%) | Mild 8 (5%) | ||
Moderate 16 (10%) | Moderate 11 (7.5%) | ||
Severe 16 (10%) | Severe 10 (6.5%) | ||
NA 35 (22%) | NA 26 (16.5%) | ||
Mentation | Bright 33 (21%) | Bright 11 (7%) | 0.02 |
Depressed 26 (17%) | Depressed 25 (16%) | ||
Stuporous 0 (0) | Stuporous 2 (1%) | ||
Agitated 9 (6%) | Agitated 0 (0) | ||
NA 34 (22%) | NA 17 (11%) | ||
Mucosal membranes | Normal 14 (9%) | Normal 4 (2.5%) | 0.07 |
Pale 18 (11.5%) | Pale 5 (3%) | ||
Hyperemic without toxic line 35 (22%) | Hyperemic without toxic line 24 (15.5%) | ||
Hyperemic with toxic line 29 (18.5%) | Hyperemic with toxic line 16 (10%) | ||
Cyanotic 3 (2%) | Cyanotic 6 (4%) | ||
Brick red 3 (2%) | Brick red 0(0) | ||
CRT (seconds) | 3 (2–3.35) | 3 (2–4) | 0 |
HR on admission (beats/min) | 48 (42–65) | 70 (51–91) | 0.00019 |
Gastric reflux | Yes 14 (9%) | Yes 20 (13%) | 0.0005 |
No 37 (23.5%) | No 8 (5%) | ||
Not performed 16 (10%) | Not performed 5 (3%) | ||
NA 35 (22.5%) | NA 22 (14%) | ||
Abdominal distension | None 6 (4%) | None 12 (7.5%) | 0.826 |
Bilateral 36 (23%) | Bilateral 18 (11.5%) | ||
Left 8 (5%) | Left 2 (1.5%) | ||
Right 3 (2%) | Right 1 (0.5%) | ||
NA 49 (31%) | NA 22 (14%) | ||
PCV (%) | 40.86 ± 8.42 | 50.95 ± 12.27 | 0 |
TP (g/dL) | 6.64 ± 1.23 | 6.77 ± 1.3 | 0.597 |
Rectal temperature (°C) | 37.73 ± 0.74 | 37.73 ± 0.9 | 0.9 |
HR 3–6 h after admission/surgery (beats/min) | 45 (40–59) | 61 (52–75) | 0.0002 |
Variable | Category | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Distance from the surgical facility (km) | Close (Ref) * Medium Far | 1.45 1.7 | 0.565–3.74 0.59–4.87 | 0.606 a 0.439 0.327 |
Age (years) | 1.20 | 0.956–1.08 | 0.57 | |
HR on admission (beats/min) | 1.03 | 1.01–1.04 | 0.0005 | |
Mentation | Bright (Ref) * | 0.5717 a | ||
Depressed | 0.0002 | 0.889–4.88 | 0.0913 | |
Stuporous | 0.0007 | 0.000–3.70 | 0.9950 | |
Agitated | 0.0000 | 0.533–3.86 | 0.9900 | |
HR 3–6 h after admission (beats/min) | 1.06 | 1.03–1.09 | 0.004 | |
PCV (%) | 1.1 | 1.06–1.15 | 0.0000 | |
TP (g/dL) | 1.090 | 0.7960–1.49 | 0.594 a | |
Mucosal membranes | Normal (Ref) * | 0.01537 a | ||
Pale | 2.25 | 0.2070–24.4 | 0.5050 | |
Hyperemic without toxic line | 8 | 0.97–66.00 | 0.0534 | |
Hyperemic with toxic line | 6.22 | 0.7320–52.90 | 0.0940 | |
Cyanotic | 16 | 1.27–201 | 0.0317 | |
Brick red | 0.00000208 | 0.0030 | ||
Gastric reflux | Yes (Ref) * | 0.002 a | ||
No | 0.203 | 0.0598–0.690 | 0.010 | |
Not performed | 0.000 | 0.0000–Inf | 0.991 | |
CRT (seconds) | 2.47 | 1.48–4.13 | 0.0005 | |
Rectal temperature (°C) | 1 | 0.624–1.6 | 0.999 | |
Progression of clinical signs | No progression (Ref) * | 0.411 a | ||
Deteriorating | 0.3 | 0.51–1.76 | 0.183 | |
Improved | 0.0000 | 0.00000–Inf | 0.993 | |
Gender | Female (Ref) * | 0.33 a | ||
Stallion | 1.510 | 0.675–3.390 | 0.315 | |
Gelding | 0.770 | 0.322–1.840 | 0.557 | |
BW (kg) | 1 | 0.9970–1 | 0.682 | |
Abdominal distension | None (Ref) * | 0.83 a | ||
Bilateral | 1.5 | 0.2750–8.19 | 0.640 | |
Left | 0.750 | 0.0808–6.96 | 0.8 | |
Right | 1 | 0.0625–16 | 1 | |
Time of admission | Morning (Ref) * | 0.00137 a | ||
Afternoon | 0.764 | 0.261–1.61 | 0.157 | |
Evening–night | 0.450 | 0.149–1.36 | 0.991 | |
Month of admission | January–March (Ref) * | 0.05 a | ||
April–June | 0.547 | 0.223–1.350 | 0.1890 | |
July–September | 0.450 | 0.168–1.2 | 0.110 | |
October–December | 0.245 | 0.08–0.751 | 0.0139 | |
Medication received before referral | NSAIDs (Ref) * | 1.12 | 0.43.2.94 | 0.9290 a |
Mixed | 1.12 | 0.387–3.27 | 0.8290 | |
No medication | 1.13 | 0.170–7.45 | 0.9030 | |
Spasmolytics | 0.0000 | 0.0000–inf | 0.9880 | |
Crystalloids | 4.5 | 0.355–57.1 | 0.2460 |
Variable | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
HR 3–6 h after admission/surgery (beats/min) | 1.05 | 1.01–1.1 | 0.0274 |
PCV (%) | 1.06 | 1.01–1.11 | 0.011 |
CRT (seconds) | 1.88 | 1.04–3.4 | 0.03 |
Surgery (n = 82) | Medical Treatment (n = 75) | Total (n = 157) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Discharged | 44 (54%) | 58 (77%) | 102 (65%) | 0.0236 |
Non-discharged | 38 (46%) | 17 (23%) | 55 (35%) |
Variable | Discharged (n = 44) | Non-Discharged (n = 38) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
BW (kg) | 464.6 ± 123.9 | 472.7 ± 99.35 | 0.787 |
Age (years) | 9.5 ± 4.41 | 9.4 ± 5.79 | 0.944 |
Gender | F 16 (19%) | F 13 (16%) | 0.6178 |
M15 (18%) | M 13 (16%) | ||
Mc 13 (16%) | Mc 12 (15%) | ||
Breed | Thoroughbreds 8 (10%) | Thoroughbreds 6 (7.5%) | 0.4205 |
Warmbloods 17 (21%) | Warmbloods 10 (12%) | ||
Western riding horses 13 (16%) | Western riding horses 13 (16%) | ||
Spanish horses 0 (0) | Spanish horses 2 (2.5%) | ||
Friesians 3 (3.5%) | Friesians 1 (1%) | ||
Others 3 (3.5%) | Others 6 (7%) |
Variable | Discharged (n = 44) | Non-Discharged (n = 38) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Distance from the surgical facility (km) | Close 9 (11%) | Close 7 (8.5%) | 0.8832 |
Medium 21 (26%) | Medium 16 (19.5%) | ||
Far 12 (14.5%) | Far 7 (8.5%) | ||
NA 2 (2%) | NA 8 (10%) | ||
Progression of clinical signs | No progression 3 (3.5%) | No progression 2 (2.5 %) | 0.2384 |
Deteriorating 11 (13.5%) | Deteriorating 2 (2.5%) | ||
Improved 5 (6%) | Improved 0 (0) | ||
NA 25 (30%) | NA 34 (41%) | ||
Medication received before referral | NSAIDs 9 (11.4%) | NSAIDs 8 (8.9%) | 0.8 |
Mixed 21 (27.8%) | Mixed 16 (19%) | ||
None 9 (12.7%) | None 10 (11.4%) | ||
Spasmolytics 2 (3.8%) | Spasmolytics 2 (1.3%) | ||
Alpha-2 agonists 3 (1.3%) | Alpha-2 agonists 2 (2.5%) | ||
Month of admission | January–March 5 (6%) | January–March 11 (13.5%) | 0.4983 |
April–June 16 (19.5%) | April–June 12 (15%) | ||
July–September 10 (12%) | July–September 12 (15%) | ||
October–December 13 (16%) | October–December 3 (3%) | ||
Time of admission | Morning 3 (3.5%) | Morning 8 (9.5%) | 0.1368 |
Afternoon 12 (14.5%) | Afternoon 8 (9.5%) | ||
Evening–night 13 (16%) | Evening–night 8 (9.5%) | ||
NA 16 (19.5%) | NA 14 (17%) | ||
Severity of pain | None 3 (3.5%) | None 0 (0) | 0.4471 |
Mild 8 (9.5%) | Mild 7 (8.5%) | ||
Moderate 9 (11%) | Moderate 7 (8.5%) | ||
Severe 9 (11%) | Severe 9 (11%) | ||
NA 15 (18.5%) | NA 15 (18.5%) | ||
Mentation | Bright 15 (19.2%) | Bright 9 (11.5%) | 0.4589 |
Depressed 13 (16.7%) | Depressed 18 (23.1%) | ||
Agitated 8 (10.3%) | Agitated 0 (0) | ||
NA 8 (10.3%) | NA 7 (9%) | ||
Mucosal membranes | Normal 3 (3.5%) | Normal 1 (1%) | 0.2222 |
Pale 8 (9.5%) | Pale 2 (2.5%) | ||
Hyperemic without toxic line 15 (18.5%) | Hyperemic without toxic line 13 (16%) | ||
Hyperemic with toxic line 13 (16%) | Hyperemic with toxic line 12 (14.5%) | ||
Cyanotic 0 (0) | Cyanotic 2 (2.5%) | ||
NA 5 (6%) | NA 8 (9.5%) | ||
CRT (seconds) | 2 s 8 (9.5%) | 2 s 1 (1%) | 0.07204 |
3 s 24 (29%) | 3 s 6 (7%) | ||
4 s 12 (14.5%) | 4 s 13 (16%) | ||
5 s 0 (0%) | 5 s 18 (22%) | ||
HR on admission (beats/min) | 51.5 (42–67) | 54 (49–87) | 0.0293 |
Gastric reflux | Yes 5 (6%) | Yes 11 (13.5%) | 0.0576 |
No 12 (14.5%) | No 6 (7%) | ||
Not performed 9 (11%) | Not performed 4 (5%) | ||
NA 18 (22%) | NA 17 (21%) | ||
Abdominal distension | None 3 (3.5%) | None 2 (2.5%) | 0.6457 |
Bilateral 22 (27%) | Bilateral 13 (16%) | ||
Left 2 (2.5%) | Left 1 (1%) | ||
Right 0 (0) | Right 1 (1%) | ||
NA 17 (21%) | NA 21 (25.5%) | ||
PCV (%) | 39.7 ± 6.23 | 49.8 ± 12.16 | 0.004 |
TP (g/dL) | 6.5 ± 1.00 | 6.95 ± 1.1 | 0.106 |
Rectal temperature (°C) | 37.6 ± 0.77 | 37.5 ± 0.77 | 0.709 |
HR 3–6 h after admission/surgery (beats/min) | 50 (42–60) | 60 (52–75) | 0.0296 |
Variable | Discharged (n = 44) | Non-Discharged (n = 38) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Anesthetic protocol | (1) 17 (21%) (2) 13 (16%) (3) 5 (6%) (4) 4 (5%) NA 5 (6%) | (1) 15 (18%) (2) 9 (11%) (3) 0 (0) (4) 3 (3.5%) NA 11 (13.5%) | 0.2676 |
Duration of surgery (min) | 91.2 ± 42.12 | 89.4 ± 38.47 | 0.871 |
Duration of anesthesia (min) | 127.7 ± 36.19 | 99 ± 41.64 | 0.0122 |
Time to standing (min) | 45 (35–77.5) | 90 (62–110) | 0.027 |
Post-operative Lidocaine infusion | Yes 5 (6%) No 37 (45%) NA 2 (2.5%) | Yes 7 (8.5%) No 15 (18%) NA 16 (20%) | 0.05255 |
Recovery score | (0) 1 (1%) (1) 5 (6%) (2) 1 (1%) (3) 2 (2.5%) (4) 4 (5%) (5) 13 (16%) (6) NA 18 (22%) | (0) 0 (0) (1) 2 (2.5%) (2) 2 (2.5%) (3) 2 (2.5%) (4) 0 (0) (5) 4 (5%) (6) NA 28 (34%) | 0.3776 |
Post-operative complications | Yes 16 (19.5%) No 28 (34%) | Yes 18 (22%) No 20 (24.5%) | 0.5698 |
Hospitalization (days) | 9.5 (7–13.25) | 1 (0–5.25) | 0.0000 |
Localization of the disorder | Small intestine 12 (14.5%) Large intestine 31 (38%) Others 1 (1%) | Small intestine 8 (10%) Large intestine 22 (27%) Others 5 (6%) NA 3 (3.5%) | 0.09443 |
Ischemic/non-ischemic lesion | Yes 3 (3.5%) No 39 (47%) NA 3 (3.5%) | Yes 10 (12%) No 15 (18%) NA 13 (16%) | 0.001 |
Variable | Category | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Distance from the surgical facility (km) | Close (Ref) * | 0.88 a | ||
Medium | 0.750 | 0.193–2.92 | 0.678 | |
Far | 0.980 | 0.3–3.20 | 0.973 | |
Age (year) | 0.997 | 0.911–1.09 | 0.943 | |
HR on admission (beats/min) | 1.02 | 1.00–1.04 | 0.0301 | |
HR 3–6 h after admission/surgery (beats/min) | 1.04 | 1–1.080 | 0.0461 | |
Mentation | Bright (Ref) * | 0.5155 a | ||
Depressed | 2.31 | 0.775–6.88 | 0.133 | |
Stuporous | 0.0000 | 0.000–inf | 0.9900 | |
Agitated | 1.46 | 0.394–5.4 | 0.572 | |
PCV (%) | 1.13 | 1.05–1.21 | 0.0006 | |
PT (gr/dL) | 1.56 | 0.9–2.72 | 0.1120 | |
Mucosal membranes | Normal (Ref) * | 0.5852 a | ||
Pale | 0.750 | 0.0347–3.2 | 0.837 | |
Hyperemic without toxic line | 2.6 | 0.0483–11.6 | 0.432 | |
Hyperemic with toxic line | 2.770 | 0.2520–30.4 | 0.405 | |
CRT (seconds) | 2 s (Ref) * | 0.0684 a | ||
3 s | 0.324 | 0.0868–1.2 | 0.0924 | |
4 s | 0.5 | 0.125–2 | 0.3270 | |
5 s | 0.115 | 0.0221–0.602 | 0.0104 | |
Rectal temperature (°C) | 0.878 | 0.448–1.6 | 0.704 | |
Gastric reflux | Yes (Ref) * | 0.0686 a | ||
No | 0.227 | 0.0538–0.961 | 0.0440 | |
Not performed | 0.202 | 0.0415–0.983 | 0.0476 | |
Progression of clinical signs | No progression (Ref) * | 0.5528 a | ||
Deteriorating | 0.273 | 0.0263–2.83 | 0.276 | |
Improving | 0.0000 | 0.00000–Inf | 0.995 | |
Gender | Female (Ref) * | 0.6207 a | ||
Stallion | 1.070 | 0.376–3.03 | 0.903 | |
Gelding | 0.615 | 0.192–1.97 | 0.414 | |
BW (kg) | 1 | 0.9976–1.01 | 0.783 | |
Abdominal distension | None (Ref) * | 0.998 a | ||
Bilateral | 0.886 | 0.13–6.02 | 0.640 | |
Left | 0.750 | 0.0376–15 | 0.8 | |
Right | 1 | 0.0625–16 | 1 | |
Time at admission | Morning (Ref) * | 0.1615 a | ||
Afternoon | 0.273 | 0.0263–2.83 | 0.0895 | |
Evening–night | 0.0003 | 0.0000–inf | 0.0711 | |
Month on admission | January–March (Ref) * | 0.068 a | ||
April–June | 0.324 | 0.0869–1.2 | 0.0924 | |
July–September | 0.5 | 0.1250–2 | 0.3270 | |
October–December | 0.115 | 0.0221–0.2 a | 0.0104 | |
Medication received before referral | NSAIDs (Ref) * | 0.8483 a | ||
Mixed | 0.877 | 0.2680–2.87 | 0.828 | |
None | 1.16 | 0.3040–4.40 | 0.831 | |
Spasmolytics | 0.429 | 0.0363–5.06 | 0.501 | |
Alpha-2 agonists | 2.570 | 0.1920–34.5 | 0.476 | |
Anesthetic protocol | (1) (Ref) * | 0.978511 a | ||
(2) | 0.785 | 0.262–2.35 | 0.665 | |
(3) | 0.0000 | 0.000–Inf | 0.992 | |
(4) | 0.85 | 0.163–4.43 | 0.847 | |
Duration of anesthesia (min) | 0.98 | 0.964–0.997 | 0.0179 | |
Duration of surgery (min) | 0.999 | 0.985–1.01 | 0.868 | |
Ischemic lesion | Yes (Ref) * | 0.0674 a | ||
No | 0.115 | 0.0279–0.478 | 0.0029 | |
Post-operative lidocaine | Yes (Ref) * | 0.556 a | ||
No | 0.29 | 0.0793–1.06 | 0.0607 | |
Site of the disorder | Small Intestine (Ref) * | 0.160079 a | ||
Large intestine | 1.42 | 0.462–4.36 | 0.5410 | |
Other | 10 | 0.944–106 | 0.0559 | |
Post-operative complications | Yes (Ref) * | 0.724 | ||
No | 0.769 | 0.311–1.9 | 0.570 | |
Recovery score | 0.868 | 0.568–1.33 | 0.511 | |
Hospitalization (days) | 0.627 | 0.506–0.778 | 0.000211 | |
Time to standing (min) | 1.03 | 1–1.05 | 0.0276 |
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Straticò, P.; Varasano, V.; Palozzo, A.; Guerri, G.; Celani, G.; Revelant, O.; Petrizzi, L. Retrospective Study on Risk Factors and Short-Term Outcome of Horses Referred for Colic from 2016 to 2022. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100545
Straticò P, Varasano V, Palozzo A, Guerri G, Celani G, Revelant O, Petrizzi L. Retrospective Study on Risk Factors and Short-Term Outcome of Horses Referred for Colic from 2016 to 2022. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(10):545. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100545
Chicago/Turabian StyleStraticò, Paola, Vincenzo Varasano, Adriana Palozzo, Giulia Guerri, Gianluca Celani, Ortensia Revelant, and Lucio Petrizzi. 2022. "Retrospective Study on Risk Factors and Short-Term Outcome of Horses Referred for Colic from 2016 to 2022" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 10: 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9100545