Potential Role of Avian Populations in the Epidemiology of Rickettsia spp. and Babesia spp.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Rickettsia spp.
2.1. Etiology
2.2. Rickettsia spp. in Birds and Their Ticks
3. Babesia spp.
3.1. Etiology
3.2. Babesia in Birds and Their Ticks
3.3. Carriage of Zoonotic Babesia Infected Ticks
3.4. Carriage of Zoonotic Babesia by Infected Birds
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bird Species | Common Name | Test (Sample) | Rickettsia Agent Detected | Geographical Distribution | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallinula chloropus | Common moorhen | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp. | Cyprus | [12] |
Phoenicopterus ruber | American flamingo | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp | Cyprus | [12] |
Hylocichla mustelina | Wood thrush | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp. “Argentina”/REA | Louisiana (USA) | [13] |
Passerina ciris | Painted bunting | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp. “Argentina”/REA | Louisiana (USA) | [13] |
Wilsonia citrina | Hooded warbler | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp. “Argentina”/REA | Louisiana (USA) | [13] |
Passerina cyanea | Indigo bunting | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp. “Argentina”/REA | Louisiana (USA) | [13] |
Geothlypis trichas | Common yellowthroat | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp. “Argentina”/REA | Louisiana (USA) | [13] |
Helmitheros vermivorus | Worm-eating warbler | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp. “Argentina”/REA | Louisiana (USA) | [13] |
Pheucticus ludoviacianus | Rose-breasted grosbeak | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp. “Argentina”/REA | Louisiana (USA) | [13] |
Oporomis formosus | Kentucky warbler | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp. “Argentina”/REA | Louisiana (USA) | [13] |
Catharus ustulatus | Swainson’s thrush | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp. “Argentina”/REA | Louisiana (USA) | [13] |
Melospiza georgiana | Swamp sparrow | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp. “Argentina”/REA | Louisiana (USA) | [13] |
Empidonax virescens | Acadian flycatcher | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia sp. “Argentina”/REA | Louisiana (USA) | [13] |
Erithacus rubecula | Robin | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia helvetica | Hungary | [14] |
Prunella modularis | Dunnock | PCR (blood) | Rickettsia helvetica | Hungary | [14] |
Columba livia domestica | Feral pigeon | PCR (spleen) | Rickettsia sp. | Italy | [15] |
Aptenodytes patagonicus | King penguin | Smear (blood) | Rickettsia-like | South Africa | [16] |
Phasianus colchicus | Pheasant | IFI (blood serum) | SFG Rickettsia sp. | Italy | [17] |
Struthio camelus | Ostrich | IFI (blood serum) | SFG Rickettsia sp. | Zimbabwe | [18] |
Bird Family | Test | Babesia Species | Geographical Distribution | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Accipitridae | Microscopy | Babesia moshkovskii | Tadjikistan, Pakistan | [53,54] |
Alaudidae | Microscopy | Babesia kazachstanica | Kazachstan | [69,70] |
Apterygidae | Microscopy | Babesia kiwiensis | New Zealand | [55] |
Ardeinae | Microscopy | Babesia ardeae | Indochina | [71] |
Corvidae | Microscopy | Babesia frugilegica | Kazachstan, Pakistan | [69,70] |
Emberyzinae | Microscopy | Babesia emberizica | Kazachstan | [69,70] |
Falconidae | Microscopy | Babesia shortti | Egypt, Italy | [72,73] |
Gruidae | Microscopy | Babesia balearicae | Egypt | [70,72] |
Hirundinidae | Microscopy | Babesia rustica | Kazachstan, Kenya | [69,70] |
Laridae | Microscopy | Babesia bennetti | Spain | [74] |
Passeridae | Microscopy | Babesia mujunkumica | Kazachstan | [69,70] |
Spheniscidae | Microscopy | Babesia peircei | South Africa | [75] |
Sulidae | Microscopy | Babesia poelea | Sand Island, Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific | [76] |
Upupidae | Microscopy | Babesia krylovi | Kazachstan | [69,70] |
Alcidae | Microscopy and PCR | Babesia uriae | California (US) | [56] |
Phalacrocidae | Microscopy | Babesia ugwidiensis | South Africa | [57] |
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Ebani, V.V.; Mancianti, F. Potential Role of Avian Populations in the Epidemiology of Rickettsia spp. and Babesia spp. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120334
Ebani VV, Mancianti F. Potential Role of Avian Populations in the Epidemiology of Rickettsia spp. and Babesia spp. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(12):334. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120334
Chicago/Turabian StyleEbani, Valentina Virginia, and Francesca Mancianti. 2021. "Potential Role of Avian Populations in the Epidemiology of Rickettsia spp. and Babesia spp." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 12: 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120334