Maternal Left Ventricular Diastolic and Systolic Function during Normal Pregnancy in Saint Bernard Dogs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Follow-Up
2.2. Echocardiographic Evaluation
2.3. Blood Pressure Measurement
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | T1 (21–28 d) | T2 (40 d) | T3 (60 d) | Postpartum (4–8 wk) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BW (kg) | 59.67 ± 5.93 | 65.13 ± 6.82 | 71.50 ± 6.82 | 61.03 ± 4.42 | T3 vs. T1, T2 and PP ** | |
BSA (m2) | 1.53 ± 0.10 | 1.62 ± 0.11 | 1.72 ± 0.11 | 1.55 ± 0.08 | T3 vs. T1, T2 and PP ** | |
HR (bpm) | 117.2 ± 11.16 | 120.4 ± 14.42 | 128.4 ± 7.88 | 118.6 ± 8.95 | T3 vs. T1 and PP * | |
SAP (mmHg) | 185.7 ± 19.37 | 167.6 ± 20.55 | 166.1 ± 25.47 | 130.9 ± 11.55 | PP vs. T1, T2 and T3 ** | |
MAP (mmHg) | 139.8 ± 18.43 | 123.8 ± 19.29 | 118.9 ± 21.24 | 91.8 ± 9.73 | PP vs. T1, T2 and T3 ** | |
DAP (mmHg) | 114.4 ± 18.2 | 100 ± 19.06 | 93.8 ± 18.55 | 70.5 ± 8.57 | PP vs. T1, T2 and T3 ** | |
LVDd (mm) | 48.64 ± 4.32 | 48.14 ± 4.37 | 49.79 ± 4.56 | 47.82 ± 2.81 | NS | |
LVDs (mm) | 35.94 ± 4.94 | 36.63 ± 5.56 | 35.86 ± 4.33 | 34.49 ± 3.75 | NS | |
LVPWd (mm) | 11.37 ± 1.11 | 11.26 ± 0.88 | 11.46 ± 1.08 | 11.60 ± 1.31 | NS | |
LVPWs (mm) | 14.58 ± 1.56 | 14.27 ± 1.65 | 14.69 ± 1.58 | 15.47 ± 2.62 | NS | |
IVSd (mm) | 11.28 ± 1.87 | 10.79 ± 1.29 | 11.83 ± 2.22 | 11.28 ± 1.92 | NS | |
IVSs (mm) | 13.99 ± 2.32 | 13.57 ± 1.89 | 14.34 ± 2.37 | 13.81 ± 2.42 | NS | |
LV mass (g) | 207.89 ± 38.38 | 199.14 ± 51.17 | 227.39 ± 60.38 | 205.40 ± 40.15 | NS | |
EPSS (mm) | 7.08 ± 2.01 | 6.96 ± 2.37 | 5.87 ± 3.95 | 6.61 ± 0.81 | NS | |
FS (%) | 26.25 ± 5.88 | 24.22 ± 6.80 | 28.02 ± 4.99 | 27.97 ± 5.24 | NS | |
EF (%) | 55.87 ± 7.06 | 55.29 ± 9.03 | 58.63 ± 4.46 | 58.88 ± 4.35 | NS | |
SV (mL) | 56.37 ± 13.26 | 50.86 ± 9.43 | 63.32 ± 15.38 | 57.13 ± 10.43 | NS | |
CO (L/min) | 6.57 ± 1.49 | 6.12 ± 1.37 | 8.12 ± 1.96 | 6.79 ± 1.43 | T3 vs. PP * | |
LA (mm) | 38.85 ± 5.59 | 41.55 ± 9.25 | 38.90 ± 8.33 | 41.59 ± 7.19 | NS | |
Ao (mm) | 28.69 ± 2.80 | 28.80 ± 1.68 | 28.83 ± 2.40 | 29.25 ± 3.21 | NS | |
LA/Ao | 1.36 ± 0.16 | 1.44 ± 0.31 | 1.34 ± 0.24 | 1.43 ± 0.25 | T3 vs. T2 * | |
AoV (m/s) | 1.28 ± 0.19 | 1.28 ± 0.15 | 1.48 ± 0.16 | 1.32 ± 0.17 | T3 vs. T1 ** | |
E (m/s) | 0.68 ± 0.08 | 0.75 ± 0.12 | 0.75 ± 0.13 | 0.76 ± 0.09 | T1 vs. T2 and T3 * | |
A (m/s) | 0.61 ± 0.07 | 0.71 ± 0.11 | 0.74 ± 0.15 | 0.72 ± 0.08 | T1 vs. T2, T3 and PP * | |
E/A ratio | 1.12 ± 0.08 | 1.04 ± 0.12 | 1.02 ± 0.12 | 1.07 ± 0.13 | NS | |
Pul (m/s) | 0.92 ± 0.16 | 0.95 ± 0.12 | 1.15 ± 0.16 | 1.05 ± 0.11 | T3 vs. T1 and T2 * | |
MPI | 0.47 ± 0.40 | 0.41±0.29 | 0.16 ± 0.12 | 0.33 ± 0.29 | T3 vs. T1 and T2 * | |
Septal wall | S’ (m/s) | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | NS |
E’ (m/s) | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | NS | |
A’ (m/s) | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | NS | |
E/E’ ratio | 8.44 ± 2.80 | 9.36 ± 2.35 | 8.95 ± 2.83 | 8.84 ± 1.95 | NS | |
E’/A’ ratio | 1.21 ± 0.37 | 1.03 ± 0.18 | 0.97 ± 0.19 | 1.11 ± 0.20 | NS | |
Lateral wall | S’ (m/s) | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | T3 vs. T1 and T2 * |
E’ (m/s) | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.04 | T3 vs. T2 ** | |
A’ (m/s) | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | T3 vs. T1 and T2 ** | |
E/E’ ratio | 6.68 ± 1.76 | 7.54 ± 2.16 | 6.15 ± 1.95 | 7.20 ± 1.83 | T3 vs. T2 ** | |
E’/A’ ratio | 1.30 ± 0.29 | 0.94 ± 0.32 | 1.00 ± 0.17 | 1.03 ± 0.14 | T1 vs. T2 and T3 * |
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Lobo, L.; Esteves-Guimarães, J.; Oliveira, P.; Salazar, L.; Pereira, A.; Fontes-Sousa, A.P. Maternal Left Ventricular Diastolic and Systolic Function during Normal Pregnancy in Saint Bernard Dogs. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120306
Lobo L, Esteves-Guimarães J, Oliveira P, Salazar L, Pereira A, Fontes-Sousa AP. Maternal Left Ventricular Diastolic and Systolic Function during Normal Pregnancy in Saint Bernard Dogs. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(12):306. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120306
Chicago/Turabian StyleLobo, Luís, Joana Esteves-Guimarães, Pedro Oliveira, Luís Salazar, André Pereira, and Ana Patrícia Fontes-Sousa. 2021. "Maternal Left Ventricular Diastolic and Systolic Function during Normal Pregnancy in Saint Bernard Dogs" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 12: 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8120306