Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population, Research Question and Statistical Framework
2.2. Inclusion Criteria and Clinical Examination
2.3. Echocardiography and Assessment of Leaflet Measurements, MVP Severity and Jet Size
2.4. Morphometrics
2.5. Exclusion Criteria
2.6. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Clinical and Echocardiographic Results
3.2. Morphometric Measurements
3.3. Settings for IPW Analysis
3.4. IPW Analyses for Ordinal Variables
3.5. IPW Analyses for Continuous Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Body Measurements | Thorax Measurements | Head Measurements |
---|---|---|
Height at the withers (WH): distance of the withers from the ground, measured at the top of the shoulder blades. | Height (TH): distance between the back and the sternum, measured behind the shoulders. | Head length (HL): measured from the top of the occipital ridge to the horizontal line joining the two inner corners of the eyelids. |
Body length (BL): distance between the tip of the shoulder and the tip of the buttock. | Width (TW): measured just behind the shoulders. | Nose length (NL): measured from the horizontal line joining the two inner corners of the eyelids to the cranial extremity of the truffle. |
Width at the chest (CW): measured at the shoulder–humeral joints. | Length (TL): distance between the shoulder tip and the midline of the last rib. | Head + nose length (HNL): HL + NL. |
Circumference (TC1, TC2, TC3):
| Head width (HW): measured at the zygomatic arches. | |
Head stop angle (HA): angle obtained, with the head seen in profile, by the intersection of a line tangent to the frontal region (between the two orbits) and the line of the upper part of the nasal barrel. | ||
Body indexes | ||
Cephalic index: (HW × 100)/HNL. | ||
Craniofacial ratio (CFR): NL/HL. | ||
Thoracic index: (TW × 100)/TH; height thorax index: (TH × 100)/WH. | ||
Volume index: (body weight × 100)/WH. | ||
Body size: (WH × 100)/BL. |
(a) Clinical data, indexed mitral valve measurements, MVP, jet size, murmur severity, and score of severity | ||||||||||||
Age (y) | Body weight (Kg) | Sex | AMVL (cm) | AMVW (cm) | AMVA (cm) | MVAd (cm) | MVAs (cm) | SI | MVP | Jet size | Heart murmur severity | Score of severity |
4.16 (2.91–6.00) | 9.15 *,† (7.80–10.23) | F (n.35) NF (n.5) M (n.11) NM (n.2) | 0.70 (0.63–0.79) | 0.14 (0.12–0.16) | 0.08 (0.06–0.11) | 0.78 (0.74–0.88) | 0.61 (0.55–0.66) | 1.37 (1.24–1.50) | 0 (n.1) 1 (n.31)2 (n.19)3 (n.1) | 0 (n.6) 1 (n.18) 2 (n.7) 3 (n.14)4 (n.7) | 0 (n.26) 1 (n.20) 2 (n.6) | 2.69 (2.01–3.45) |
(b) Body and thoracic morphometric measurements | ||||||||||||
Body morphometric measurements | Thoracic morphometric measurements | |||||||||||
WH | BL | CW | TH | TW | TL | TC1 | TC2 | TC3 | ||||
29.20 (27.78–31.58) | 33.75 (29.70–35.85) | 12.25 (11.45–13.53) | 14.95 (13.58–16.13) | 11.95 (11.28–13.00) | 20.15 (18.68–22.10) | 47.00 (45.00–49.63) | 47.50 (46.00–50.63) | 45.50 (43.58–49.50) | ||||
(c) Head morphometric measurements and physical data | ||||||||||||
Head morphometric measurements | Physical data | |||||||||||
HL | NL | HNL | HW | HA | Coat color type | BCS | ||||||
7.70 (7.20–8.13) | 3.20 (2.80–3.50) | 10.95 (10.20–11.85) | 7.75 (7.50–8.10) | 115.00 (110.00–120.00) | (n. 35) B (n. 4) B&T (n. 2) R (n. 11) T | (n. 6) 3 (n. 10) 4 (n. 26) 5 (n. 10) 6 | ||||||
(d) Body indexes | ||||||||||||
Cephalic index | Craniofacial ratio (CFR) | Thoracic index | Height thorax index | Volume index | Body size | |||||||
71.97 (68.08–75.50) | 0.40 (0.36–0.44) | 83.08 (75.54–86.83) | 0.5 (0.49–0.53) | 30.82 (25.97–34.31) | 88.40 (83.54–93.09) |
Regression Analysis | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL | TH | TW | TL | TC1 | TC2 | TC3 | HL | NL | HA | |
a. Ordinal variables | ||||||||||
MVP | ||||||||||
Jet size | ** n | |||||||||
Heart murmur intensity | * n | ** n | ||||||||
b. Continuous variables | ||||||||||
AMVL | * p | |||||||||
AMVW | * p | * n | ||||||||
AMVA | ||||||||||
MVAd | * p | * n | *** p | *** n | *** p | * n | *** p | *** n | *** p | |
MVAs | ** n | * p | *** p | |||||||
SI | ** p | ** p |
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Bagardi, M.; Ghilardi, S.; Locatelli, C.; Bionda, A.; Polli, M.; Bussadori, C.M.; Colombo, F.M.; Pazzagli, L.; Brambilla, P.G. Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8100205
Bagardi M, Ghilardi S, Locatelli C, Bionda A, Polli M, Bussadori CM, Colombo FM, Pazzagli L, Brambilla PG. Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(10):205. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8100205
Chicago/Turabian StyleBagardi, Mara, Sara Ghilardi, Chiara Locatelli, Arianna Bionda, Michele Polli, Claudio M. Bussadori, Fabio M. Colombo, Laura Pazzagli, and Paola G. Brambilla. 2021. "Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 10: 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8100205