Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Echocardiography
2.3. Acquisition and Reproducibility of PV Diameters
2.4. Thoracic Radiography
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Variability of PV Diameter Measurements
3.3. Pulmonary Vein Diameters and BW
3.4. Measurements of PV2 Diameter According to the ACVIM Stage and Correlations with Echocardiographic Parameters
3.5. Radiographic Score and PV2 Diameter
3.6. Diameter of PV2 as a Diagnostic Marker for Differentiating Stages B1, B2, and C
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
A | Peak velocity of late diastolic transmitral flow |
ACVIM | American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine |
AUC | Area under the ROC curve |
BW | Body weight |
CHF | Congestive heart failure |
CI | Confidence interval |
CKCSs | Cavalier King Charles Spaniels |
CV | Coefficient of variation |
E | Peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow |
HF | Heart failure |
ICC | Intraclass correlation coefficient |
LA | Left atrium |
LA:Ao | Ratio of the left atrial dimension to the aortic annulus dimension |
LVIDDN | Left ventricular internal diameter in diastole normalized for body weight |
LV | Left ventricle |
MMVD | Myxomatous mitral valve disease |
PISA | Proximal isovelocity surface area |
PG | Pressure gradient |
PH | Pulmonary hypertension |
PPVs | Positive predictive values |
PV | Pulmonary vein |
PVs | Pulmonary veins |
PV/PA | Pulmonary vein diameter-to-pulmonary artery diameter ratio |
RF | Regurgitant fraction |
ROC curve | Receiver operating characteristic curve |
TR | Tricuspid regurgitation |
VHS | Vertebral heart score (VHS) |
VLAS | Vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) |
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A (n = 28) | B1 (n = 21) | B2 (n = 29) | C (n = 22) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years, IQR) | 2.47 (1.80–3.14) a | 6.41 (4.44–8.12) b | 8.84 (8.04–10.23) c | 9.65 (8.98–10.41) c |
Weight (kg, IQR) | 7.60 (6.45–9.43) a | 9.00 (8.40–10.60) b | 9.80 (8.30–10.50) b | 8.70 (7.28–9.93) ab |
Males (ratio, %) | 10/28 (35.7%) | 10/21 (47.6%) | 17/29 (58.6%) | 10/22 (45.5%) |
Cough (ratio, %) | - | 1/21 (4.8%) | 10/29 (34.5%) | 8/22 (36.4%) |
Exercise intolerance (ratio, %) | - | - | 9/29 (31.0%) | 5/22 (22.7%) |
Tachypnea/Dyspnea (ratio, %) | - | - | 3/29 (10.3%) | 12/22 (54.5%) |
Syncope (ratio, %) | - | - | 2/29 (6.9%) | 3/22 (13.6%) |
Ascites (ratio, %) | - | - | - | 2/22 (9.1%) |
HR (beats/min, IQR) | 128 (114–141) a | 130 (115–140) a | 140 (133–150) ab | 150 (141–155) b |
Murmur grade 0/6 to 6/6 (IQR) | - | 3 (2–4) | 4 (4–5) | 5 (4–5) |
Drugs | B1 (n = 21) | B2 (n = 29) | C (n = 22) |
---|---|---|---|
Pimobendan | 4 (19.0%) | 20 (69.0%) | 20 (90.9%) |
Benazepril | 2 (9.5%) | 15 (51.7%) | 11 (50.0%) |
Spironolactone | 1 (4.8%) | 11 (37.9%) | 13 (59.1%) |
Furosemide | - | 2 (6.9%) | 15 (68.2%) |
Torasemide | - | 2 (6.9%) | 9 (40.9%) |
Sildenafil | - | 1 (3.4%) | 3 (13.6%) |
Digoxin | - | - | 1 (4.5%) |
ICC | 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Interobserver PV1 diameter | 0.988 | 0.982–0.993 | <0.001 |
Interobserver PV2 diameter | 0.997 | 0.995–0.998 | <0.001 |
Interobserver PV3 diameter | 0.994 | 0.990–0.996 | <0.001 |
Echocardiographic Variables | A | B1 | B2 | C | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LVIDDN (cm/kg) | 1.51 (1.42–1.61) a * 28/28 dogs | 1.53 (1.47–1.67) a * 21/21 dogs | 2.13 (2.00–2.22) b * 29/29 dogs | 2.26 (1.98–2.38) b * 22/22 dogs | <0.001 |
LA:Ao | 1.07 (1.00–1.13) a * 28/28 dog | 1.18 (1.08–1.32) b * 21/21 dogs | 1.81 (1.68–1.99) c * 29/29 dogs | 2.14 (1.92–2.51) d * 22/22 dogs | <0.001 |
TR PG (mmHg) | 16.0 (11.5–18.0) a * 19/28 dogs | 26.5 (21.3–35.8) b * 18/21 dogs | 50.0 (31.0–57.5) c * 27/29 dogs | 63.0 (40.0–75.0) c * 21/22 dogs | <0.001 |
RF (%) | / | 26.5 (13.0–36.5) a * 14/21 dogs | 58.0 (51.0–63.0) b * 19/29 dogs | 76.5 (65.5–79.8) c * 18/22 dogs | <0.001 |
E (m/s) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) a * 28/28 dogs | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) a * 21/21 dogs | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) b * 29/29 dogs | 1.7 (1.2–1.9) c * 21/22 dogs | <0.001 |
E:A | 1.29 (1.16–1.43) a * 28/28 dogs | 1.17 (1.17–1.17) a * 21/21 dogs | 1.33 (1.17–1.57) a * 28/29 dogs | 2.00 (1.63–2.43) b * 21/22 dogs | <0.001 |
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Ferri, C.; Besso, J.; Gaillot, H.; Ruel, Y.; Agoulon, A.; Bourguignon, C.; Mey, C.; Gouni, V. Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Vet. Sci. 2025, 12, 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070615
Ferri C, Besso J, Gaillot H, Ruel Y, Agoulon A, Bourguignon C, Mey C, Gouni V. Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Veterinary Sciences. 2025; 12(7):615. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070615
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerri, Carlotta, Juliette Besso, Hugues Gaillot, Yannick Ruel, Albert Agoulon, Christophe Bourguignon, Clémence Mey, and Vassiliki Gouni. 2025. "Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease" Veterinary Sciences 12, no. 7: 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070615
APA StyleFerri, C., Besso, J., Gaillot, H., Ruel, Y., Agoulon, A., Bourguignon, C., Mey, C., & Gouni, V. (2025). Assessment of Pulmonary Vein Diameters in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Veterinary Sciences, 12(7), 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070615