Investigation of Infection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Beef Cattle in Yunnan, China
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Sampling Area
2.2. DNA Extraction and PCR
2.3. PCR Amplification
2.4. Sequence Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence and Genotypes of E. bieneusi
3.2. Prevalence and Genotypes of G. duodenalis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Geographical Coordinates | Altitude (m) | No. of Samples | Total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simmental Cattle | Brahman Cattle | Aberdeen Angus Cattle | Yunnan Yellow Cattle | Humped Cattle | Dulong Cattle | Hereford Cattle | ||||
Dehong | 98°48′ E, 24°33′ N | 835–2800 | 87 | - | - | 39 | 36 | - | - | 162 |
Kunming | 102°91′ E, 25°63′ N | 2100–2900 | 129 | - | - | - | - | 31 | - | 160 |
Xishuangbanna | 101°55′ E, 21°52′ N | 640–1200 | - | 106 | - | - | - | - | - | 106 |
Lincang | 99°95′ E, 24°14′ N | 740–1400 | - | - | 80 | - | - | - | 21 | 101 |
Total | - | - | 216 | 106 | 80 | 39 | 36 | 31 | 21 | 529 |
Species | Loci | Primer ID | Primer Sequences (5′-3′) | Fragment Length (bp) | Temperature Annealing (°C) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Enterocytozoon bieneusi | ITS gene | EB-F1 | GGTCATAGGGATGAAGAG | 392 | 55 °C | [23] |
EB-R1 | TTCGAGTTCTTTCGCGCTC | |||||
EB-F2 | GCTCTGAATATCTATGGCT | |||||
EB-R2 | ATCGCCGACGGATCCAAGTG | |||||
Giardia duodenalis | gdh gene | gdh-F1 | TTCCGTRTYCAGTACAACTC | 530 | 59 °C | [24] |
gdh-R1 | ACCTCGTTCTGRGTGGCGCA | |||||
gdh-F2 | ATGACYGAGCTYCAGAGGCACGT | |||||
gdh-R2 | GTGGCGCARGGCATGATGCA |
Variable | Category | No. Tested | No. Positive | Prevalence (%) (95% CI) | OR (95%, CI) | p-Value | Genotype |
Region | Kunming | 160 | 7 | 4.4 (1.17–7.58) | 1.49 (0.38–5.92) | 0.207 | I (4), BEB8 (3) |
Dehong | 162 | 6 | 3.7 (0.76–6.64) | 1.26 (0.31–5.14) | J (3), I (2), BEB4 (1) | ||
Xishuangbanna | 106 | - | - | - | - | ||
Lincang | 101 | 3 | 3.0 (−0.40–6.34) | Reference | I (2), J (1) | ||
Breed | Simmental cattle | 216 | 12 | 5.6 (2.48–8.63) | 2.06 (0.26–16.34) | 0.088 | I (6), J (3), BEB8 (3) |
Brahman cattle | 106 | - | - | - | - | ||
Aberdeen Angus | 80 | 3 | 3.8 (−0.50–8.00) | 1.36 (0.14–13.58) | I (2), J (1) | ||
Yunnan Yellow cattle | 39 | - | - | - | - | ||
Humped cattle | 36 | 1 | 2.8 (−2.86–8.42) | Reference | BEB4 (1) | ||
Dulong cattle | 31 | - | - | - | - | ||
Hereford cattle | 21 | - | - | - | - | ||
Gender | Female | 248 | 10 | 4.0 (1.57–6.50) | 1.93 (0.69–5.38) | 0.204 | I (5), J (2), BEB8 (3) |
Male | 281 | 6 | 2.1 (0.43–3.84) | Reference | I (3),J (2), BEB4 (1) | ||
Age | Pre-weaned (0–60 days) | 29 | 6 | 20.7 (5.01–36.37) | 31.39 (7.37–133.64) | <0.001 | I (4), BEB8 (2) |
Post-weaned (61–180 days) | 62 | 2 | 3.2 (−1.30–7.75) | 4.01 (0.66–24.51) | J (1), BEB8 (1) | ||
Juvenile cattle (7–18 months) | 74 | 5 | 6.8 (0.90–12.61) | 8.72 (2.04–37.34) | J (3), I (2) | ||
Adult cattle (>18 months) | 364 | 3 | 0.8 (−0.11–1.76) | Reference | I (2), BEB4 (1) | ||
Total | 529 | 16 | 3.0 (1.56–4.49) | - | - | I (8), J (4), BEB8 (3), BEB4 (1) |
Variable | Category | No. Tested | No. Positive | Prevalence (%) (95% CI) | OR (95%, CI) | p-Value | Assemblages |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | Kunming | 160 | 12 | 7.5 (3.37–11.63) | 8.51 (1.09–66.48) | <0.001 | E (12) |
Dehong | 162 | - | - | - | - | ||
Xishuangbanna | 106 | 1 | 0.9 (−0.93–2.81) | Reference | E (1) | ||
Lincang | 101 | 6 | 5.9 (1.25–10.63) | 6.63 (0.78–56.09) | E (5), A (1) | ||
Breed | Simmental cattle | 216 | 12 | 5.6 (2.48–8.63) | 6.18 (0.79–48.15) | 0.116 | E (12) |
Brahman cattle | 106 | 1 | 0.9 (−0.93–2.81) | Reference | E (1) | ||
Aberdeen Angus | 80 | 5 | 6.3 (0.83–11.67) | 7.00 (0.80–61.15) | E (4), A (1) | ||
Yunnan Yellow cattle | 39 | - | - | - | - | ||
humped cattle | 36 | - | - | - | - | ||
Dulong cattle | 31 | - | - | - | - | ||
Hereford cattle | 21 | 1 | 4.8 (−5.17–14.70) | 5.25 (0.32–87.44) | E (1) | ||
Gender | Female | 248 | 11 | 4.4 (1.86–7.02) | 1.58 (0.63–4.00) | 0.327 | E (11) |
Male | 281 | 8 | 2.8 (0.89–4.80) | Reference | E (7), A (1) | ||
Age | Pre-weaned (0–60 days) | 29 | 7 | 24.1 (7.57–40.70) | 28.64 (7.79–105.25) | <0.001 | E (7) |
Post-weaned (61–180 days) | 62 | 4 | 6.5 (0.16–12.74) | 6.21 (1.51–25.51) | E (3), A (1) | ||
Juvenile cattle (7–18 months) | 74 | 4 | 5.4 (0.13–10.68) | 5.14 (1.26–21.05) | E (4) | ||
Adult cattle (>18 months) | 364 | 4 | 1.1 (0.02–2.17) | Reference | E (4) | ||
Total | 529 | 19 | 3.6 (2.00–5.18) | - | - | E (18), A (1) |
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Yang, F.; Cheng, W.; Yang, J.; He, J.; Li, L.; Zou, F.; Shu, F. Investigation of Infection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Beef Cattle in Yunnan, China. Vet. Sci. 2025, 12, 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060552
Yang F, Cheng W, Yang J, He J, Li L, Zou F, Shu F. Investigation of Infection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Beef Cattle in Yunnan, China. Veterinary Sciences. 2025; 12(6):552. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060552
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Fan, Wenjie Cheng, Jianfa Yang, Junjun He, Liujia Li, Fengcai Zou, and Fanfan Shu. 2025. "Investigation of Infection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Beef Cattle in Yunnan, China" Veterinary Sciences 12, no. 6: 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060552
APA StyleYang, F., Cheng, W., Yang, J., He, J., Li, L., Zou, F., & Shu, F. (2025). Investigation of Infection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Beef Cattle in Yunnan, China. Veterinary Sciences, 12(6), 552. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060552