Effects of Salts and Other Contaminants on Ciprofloxacin Removal Efficiency of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical Materials
2.2. Plant and Extract Preparation
2.3. Chemical Analysis of GME
2.4. Green Synthesis of CuNPs
2.5. CIP Removal Efficiency (CRE) of GME-CuNPs
2.6. Effects of Salts on CRE
2.7. Effects of Fish Wastewater on CRE
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Constituents of GME
3.2. Green Synthesis of GME-CuNPs
3.3. Effects of Sodium Chloride on CRE of GME-CuNPs
3.4. Effects of Divalent Salts on CRE of GME-CuNPs
3.5. CRE of GME-CuNPs in Fish Aquaria
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peak No. | RT (min) | Detected m/z | Assigned Ion | MS/MS | Tentative Identification | Formula | Error (ppm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.303 | 185.0668 | [M+H]+ | 127.0251, 84.9603 | Pentane-1,2,2,3,3,4,4-heptol | C5H12O7 | −6.60 |
2 | 3.145 | 118.0865 | [M+NH4]+ | 97.0291, 59.0497 | Isopropenyl acetate | C5H8O2 | −2.07 |
3 | 3.285 | 209.0309 | [M-H]− | 191.0170, 129.0176, 85.0288, 59.0136 | Glucaric acid | C6H10O8 | −2.91 |
4 | 3.428 | 193.0722 | [M+H]+ | 129.0552, 111.0447, 83.0496, 69.0340, 55.0544 | Quinic acid | C7H12O6 | −7.95 |
191.0554 | [M-H]− | 127.0384, 85.0288, 59.0136 | 3.72 | ||||
5 | 3.761 | 300.1258 | [M+H]+ | 173.0454, 93.0553, 75.0445, 57.0341 | Unidentified | - | - |
6 | 3.989 | 133.0138 | [M-H]− | 115.0024, 71.0134 | Malic acid | C4H6O5 | 3.36 |
7 | 4.546 | 189.0035 | [M-H]− | 127.0021, 96.9592, 83.0132, 57.0341 | Oxalosuccinic acid | C6H6O7 | 3.05 |
8 | 4.770 | 222.0611 | [M+NH4]+ | 169.0147, 113.0239, 97.0290, 58.0655 | Daucic acid | C7H8O7 | −1.22 |
9 | 4.863 | 191.0209 | [M-H]− | 111.0078.87.0084 | Citric acid | C6H8O7 | −6.15 |
10 | 4.906 | 236.0774 | [M+NH4]+ | 201.0410, 183.0302, 155.0348, 109.0291, 81.0333, 59.0499 | Ascorbic acid-6-acetate | C8H10O7 | −3.90 |
217.0347 | [M-H]− | 199.0220, 155.0326, 127.0388, 83.0496 | 3.12 | ||||
11 | 7.097 | 166.0867 | [M+H]+ | 120.0816, 103.0548, 77.0387 | Phenyl alanine | C9H11NO2 | −2.68 |
12 | 7.579 | 595.1456 | [M+H]+ | 443.0991, 425.0889, 289.0719, 127.0394 | Epicatechin-(4beta->8)- gallocatechin | C30H26O13 | −1.65 |
593.1317 | [M-H]− | 441.0767, 315.0464, 153.0181, 125.0227 | |||||
13 | 9.820 | 355.1042 | [M+H]+ | 163.0402, 145.0297, 117.0330, 89.0389 | Caffeoylquinic acid | C16H18O9 | −5.19 |
353.0875 | [M-H]− | 191.0541, 93.0333 | 0.87 | ||||
14 | 10.103 | 579.1536 | [M+H]+ | 427.1049, 409.0944, 333.0998, 291.0881, 247.0616, 163.0398, 127.0395 | Procyanidin B2 | C30H26O12 | −6.73 |
577.1356 | [M-H]− | 425.0830, 407.0724, 289.0690, 125.0242 | −0.78 | ||||
15 | 10.706 | 867.2184 | [M+H]+ | 579.1529, 425.0882, 289.0724, 247.0612, 127.0396 | Procyanidin trimer | C45H38O18 | −6.12 |
865.1987 | [M-H]− | 797.1475, 713.1401, 575.1106, 407.0715, 287.0526, 125.0223 | −1.90 | ||||
16 | 10.726 | 291.0879 | [M+H]+ | 207.0667, 139.0399, 123.0448 | Catechin | C15H14O6 | −5.45 |
289.0713 | [M-H]− | 245.0796, 151.0388, 125.0236, 57.0349 | 1.60 | ||||
17 | 11.207 | 337.0931 | [M-H]− | 191.0544, 145.0282, 93.0341 | Coumaroylquinic acid | C16H18O8 | −0.62 |
339.1102 | [M+H]+ | 147.0452, 91.0541 | −8.13 | ||||
18 | 11.671 | 611.1634 | [M+H]+ | 465.1035, 303.0517, 85.0288 | Rutin | C27H30O16 | −4.48 |
609.1461 | [M-H]− | 0.01 | |||||
19 | 11.862 | 741.1857 | [M+H]+ | 571.1276, 451.1049, 289.0719, 179.0348, 123.0446 | Cinchonain IIa | C39H32O15 | −5.81 |
739.1679 | [M-H]− | 587.1122, 289.0695, 125.0265 | −1.43 | ||||
20 | 11.990 | 433.1158 | [M+H]+ | 313.0726, 283.0620 | Pueraria glycoside | C21H20O10 | −6.64 |
431.0989 | [M-H]− | 311.0522, 217.0108, 151.0025, 59.0137 | −1.23 | ||||
21 | 12.798 | 451.1243 | [M+H]+ | 305.0676, 191.0348, 129.0553, 85.0290 | Astilbin | C21H22O11 | −1.80 |
449.1087 | [M-H]− | 303.0476, 285.0374, 151.0025, 65.0035 | 0.52 | ||||
22 | 13.083 | 451.1252 | [M+H]+ | 305.0677, 259.0614, 195.0300, 129.0555, 85.0290, 71.0497 | Astilbin derivative | C21H22O11 | −3.79 |
449.1083 | [M-H]− | 303.0481, 285.0372, 151.0025 | 1.41 | ||||
23 | 13.135 | 449.1083 | [M-H]− | 407.0721, 303.0478, 285.0377, 151.0025 | Astilbin derivative | C21H22O11 | 1.41 |
24 | 13.321 | 373.2236 | [M+H]+ | 211.1711, 193.1601, 175.1499, 135.1180, 109.1017, 69.0703 | 9-Hydroxy-7-megastigmen- 3-one glucoside | C19H32O7 | −4.07 |
25 | 13.697 | 300.2552 | [M+H]+ | 282.2446, 251.2010, 135.1167, 95.0860 | N-Lauroyl Valine | C17H33NO3 | −6.26 |
26 | 13.959 | 314.2712 | [M+H]+ | 296.2604, 135.1181, 72.0814 | Palmitoylglycine | C18H35NO3 | −7.09 |
27 | 14.392 | 340.1049 | [M+NH4]+ | 173.0459, 105.0342, 77.0383 | Dulcisflavan | C15H14O8 | −6.49 |
321.0608 | [M-H]− | 297.0306, 199.0225, 155.0335, 127.0391 | 2.46 | ||||
28 | 14.569 | 453.1204 | [M+H]+ | 411.1099, 343.0837, 301.0729, 191.0355, 165.0563, 123.0450 | Cinchonain Ia | C24H20O9 | −5.28 |
451.1032 | [M-H]− | 341.0627, 217.0118, 109.0289 | 0.57 | ||||
29 | 17.257 | 274.2756 | [M+H]+ | 230.2494, 149.0244, 88.0764, 57.0703 | Unidentified | - | - |
30 | 17.455 | 505.1385 | [M-H]− | 447.0674, 343.0748, 240.9990, 96.9593 | Caryatin glucoside | C24H26O12 | −6.63 |
31 | 32.277 | 403.2354 | [M+H]+ | 259.1557, 217.0356, 185.0823, 157.0139, 129.0188, 57.0699 | 5S,15S-dihydroxy-9S,11R,8S,12S-diperoxy-6E,13E-eicosadienoic acid | C20H34O8 | −6.83 |
32 | 32.714 | 379.1558 | [M-H]− | 324.0949, 281.0411, 180.9696, 112.9845 | 6-Deoxy-gamma-mangostin | C23H24O5 | −1.85 |
33 | 33.817 | 395.1501 | [M-H]− | 351.0819, 283.0207, 152.9937, 78.9583 | Gamma-mangostin | C23H24O6 | −0.22 |
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Sassa-deepaeng, T.; Khumpirapang, N.; Yodthong, W.; Myat, Y.Y.; Anuchapreeda, S.; Okonogi, S. Effects of Salts and Other Contaminants on Ciprofloxacin Removal Efficiency of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040179
Sassa-deepaeng T, Khumpirapang N, Yodthong W, Myat YY, Anuchapreeda S, Okonogi S. Effects of Salts and Other Contaminants on Ciprofloxacin Removal Efficiency of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(4):179. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040179
Chicago/Turabian StyleSassa-deepaeng, Tanongsak, Nattakanwadee Khumpirapang, Wachira Yodthong, Yin Yin Myat, Songyot Anuchapreeda, and Siriporn Okonogi. 2024. "Effects of Salts and Other Contaminants on Ciprofloxacin Removal Efficiency of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles" Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 4: 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11040179