Epidemiologic Factors Supporting Triage of Infected Dog Patients Admitted to a Veterinary Hospital Biological Isolation and Containment Unit
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biological Isolation and Containment Unit under Study
2.2. Settings
2.3. Participants
2.4. Variables and Measurement
2.5. Bias
2.6. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Dogs with a Confirmed Diagnosis of an Infectious Disease
3.2. Analysis of Dogs with a Confirmed Parvovirosis Diagnosis
3.3. Analysis of Dogs with a Confirmed Leptospirosis Diagnosis
3.4. Analysis of Dogs with a Confirmed MDR Infection Diagnosis
3.5. Analysis of Dogs with a Confirmed Distemper Diagnosis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TH | Teaching hospital |
BICU | Biological Isolation and Containment Unit |
ID | Infectious disease |
SOP | Standard operating procedures |
PPE | Personal protective equipment |
IU | Isolation unit (IU) |
MDR | Multidrug-resistant bacteria |
CPV-2 | Canine parvovirus type 2 |
HEPA | High-efficiency particulate air |
WASAVA | World Small Animal Veterinary Association |
PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction |
CDV | Canine distemper virus |
IgG | Immunoglobulin G |
IgM | Immunoglobulin M |
UTI | Urinary tract infection |
ROC | Receiver operating characteristic |
AUC | Area under the curve |
Appendix A
Disease | Parvovirosis | Leptospirosis | MDR | Distemper |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | p-value Estimate Std error | p-value Estimate Std error | p-value Estimate Std error | p-value Estimate Std error |
Age Group | ||||
<2 years | <0.001 4.44 0.46 | - | - | <0.001 2.05 0.62 |
≥2 to and <10 years | - | 0.02 1.03 0.44 | <0.001 3.2 0.84 | - |
≥10 years | 0.21 −1.38 1.09 | 0.04 −1.46 0.71 0.2 (0.05–0.9) | <0.001 4.05 0.89 | 0.20 −1.06 0.84 |
Sex | ||||
Female | - | - | - | - |
Male | 0.57 0.12 0.22 | 0.91 −0.04 0.32 | 0.21 0.6 0.49 | 0.14 0.73 0.51 |
Neuter Status | ||||
No | - | - | - | - |
Yes | <0.001 −3.31 0.73 | 0.32 −0.38 0.39 | 0.12 0.89 0.57 | 0.01 −2.58 1.06 |
Vaccination Status Updated | ||||
Yes | - | - | - | - |
No | <0.001 4.05 1.01 | 0.90 0.05 0.37 | <0.001 −2.12 0.59 | 0.14 1.01 0.69 |
Breed | ||||
Breed | - | - | - | - |
Mixed breed | 0.15 0.32 0.22 | 0.82 0.07 0.33 | 0.11 −81 0.51 | 0.05 0.97 0.50 |
Concomitant Disorders | ||||
No | - | - | - | - |
Yes | <0.001 −1.64 0.23 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | <0.001 −1.48 0.34 | <0.001 3.04 0.68 | <0.001 −1.63 0.52 |
Season | ||||
Cold (November-April) | - | - | - | - |
Warm (May-October) | <0.01 0.60 0.22 | 0.04 −0.68 0.33 | 0.88 −0.07 0.46 | 0.19 −0.66 0.51 |
n | % | |
---|---|---|
Ecoli (n = 13; 48.1%) | ||
Dermatitis | 2 | 7.4% |
Lymphadenitis | 1 | 3.7% |
Osteomyelitis | 1 | 3.7% |
Peritonitis | 1 | 3.7% |
Rhinitis | 1 | 3.7% |
UTI | 7 | 25.9% |
Enterococcus (n = 2; 7.4%) | ||
Dermatitis | 1 | 3.7% |
UTI | 1 | 3.7% |
Klebsiella (n = 3; 11.1%) | ||
Osteomyelitis | 1 | 3.7% |
Otitis | 1 | 3.7% |
Wound | 1 | 3.7% |
MRSA (n = 1; 3.7%) | ||
Dermatitis | 1 | 3.7% |
MRSP (n = 7; 25.9%) | ||
Dermatitis | 3 | 11.1% |
Otitis | 3 | 11.1% |
Wound | 1 | 3.7% |
Proteus (n = 1; 3.7%) | ||
Wound | 1 | 3.7% |
Total | 27 | 100% |
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Disease | Tests |
---|---|
Parvovirosis (n = 130) | Rapid immunomigration test (n = 62) 1 Real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) (n = 68) |
Leptospirosis (n = 57) | Single dosage IgM measure by semi-quantitative indirect immunofluorescence for IgM detection (n = 54) 2 PCR on Blood/Urine (n = 3) |
MDR (n = 28) | Bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing from the adequate tissue (urine, skin, effusion liquid, infected wounds, and others, n = 28) |
Distemper (n = 26) | Serology for antibody IgM/IgG detection (n = 19) 3 Real time PCR (RT-qPCR) from oronasal, rectal, cerebrospinal fluid or blood sample (n = 6) Rapid immunomigration test (n = 1) 4 |
Parameter | Category | All Infectious (n = 263) | Parvovirosis (n = 130) | Controls (n = 260) | Leptospirosis (n = 57) | Controls (n = 114) | MDR (n = 28) | Controls (n = 56) | Distemper (n = 26) | Controls (n = 52) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median Age [range] Q1; Q3 | 0.8 [0.1–18] 0.3; 6.0 | 0.3 [0.1–14] 0.2; 0.48 | 8.0 [0.1–17] 4.0; 11.0 | 6 [0.2–15] 3.0; 8.0 | 6 [0.1–15] 2.0; 10.75 | 9.5 [0.4–16] 7.0; 12.0 | 0.6 [0.1–14] 0.2; 2.5 | 1 [0.2–15] 0.4; 4.75 | 8 [0.6–15] 5.0; 11.0 | |
Age group (years) n(%) | <2 | 156 (59.3) | 123 (94.6) | 33 (12.7) | 9 (15.8) | 27 (23.7) | 2 (7.1) | 41 (73.2) | 15 (57.7) | 6 (11.5) |
≥2 and <10 | 81 (30.8) | 6 (4.6) | 137 (52.7) | 45 (78.9) | 48 (42.1) | 12 (42.9) | 10 (17.9) | 9 (34.6) | 28 (53.8) | |
≥10 | 26 (9.9) | 1 (0.8) | 90 (34.6) | 3 (5.3) | 39 (43.2) | 14 (50.0) | 5 (8.9) | 2 (7.7) | 18 (34.6) | |
Sex n(%) | Female | 112 (42.6) | 56 (43.1) | 120 (46.2) | 28 (49.1) | 55 (48.2) | 9 (32.1) | 26 (46.4) | 8 (30.8) | 25 (48.1) |
Male | 151 (57.4) | 74 (56.9) | 140 (53.8) | 29 (50.9) | 59 (51.8) | 19 (67.9) | 30 (53.6) | 18 (69.2) | 27 (51.9) | |
Neuter Status n(%) | No | 236 (89.7) | 128 (98.5) | 182 (70) | 45 (78.9) | 82 (71.9) | 20 (71.4) | 48 (85.7) | 25 (96.2) | 34 (65.4) |
Yes | 27 (10.3) | 2 (1.5) | 78 (30) | 12 (21.1) | 32 (28.1) | 8 (28.6) | 8 (14.3) | 1 (3.8) | 18 (34.6) | |
Vaccination Status n(%) | Updated | 39 (14.8) | 1 (0.8) | 78 (30.0) | 15 (26.3) | 29 (25.4) | 12 (42.9) | 6 (10.7) | 3 (11.5) | 17 (32.7) |
Not updated | 195 (74.1) | 119 (91.5) | 162 (62.3) | 39 (68.4) | 79 (69.3) | 12 (42.9) | 50 (89.3) | 17 (65.4) | 35 (67.3) | |
Unknown | 29 (11.0) | 10(7.7) | 20 (7.7) | 3 (5.3) | 6 (5.3) | 4 (14.3) | - | 6 (23.1) | - | |
Breed n(%) | Breed | 151 (57.4) | 71(54.6) | 162 (62.3) | 35 (61.4) | 72 (63.2) | 21 (75.0) | 32 (57.1) | 12 (46.2) | 36 (69.2) |
Mixed breed | 112 (42.6) | 59(45.4) | 98 (37.7) | 22 (38.6) | 42 (36.8) | 7 (25.0) | 24 (42.9) | 14 (53.8) | 16 (30.8) | |
Concomitant Diseases n(%) | No | 148 (56.3) | 148(56.3) | 77 (29.6) | 36 (63.2) | 32 (28.1) | 3 (10.7) | 32 (28.1) | 15 (57.7) | 11 (21.2) |
Yes | 115 (43.7) | 115(43.7) | 183 (70.4) | 21 (36.8) | 82 (71.9) | 25 (89.3) | 82 (71.9) | 11 (42.3) | 41 (78.8) | |
Hospital stay length (days) Median [Range] | All | 4.0 [1.0–20.0] | 4.5 [1.0–18.0] | - | 5.0 [1.0–16.0] | - | 3.0 [1.0–13.0] | - | 3.5 [1.0–20.0] | - |
Only Discharge | 5.0 [1.0–20.0] | 5.0 [1.0–18.0] | - | 7.0 [1.0–16.0] | - | 3.0 [1.0–13.0] | - | 4.0 [1.0–20.0] | - | |
Hospital stay Outcome n(%) | Discharge | 189 (71.9) | 109 (83.8) | - | 31 (54.4) | 20 (71.4) | - | 13 (50.0) | - | |
Euthanasia | 40 (15.2) | 1 (0.8) | - | 18 (31.6) | - | 7 (25.0) | - | 11 (42.3) | - | |
Dead | 34 (12.9) | 20 (15.4) | 8 (14.0) | 1 (3.6) | 2 (7.7) | |||||
Final Outcome n(%) | Discharge | 181 (68.8) | 107 (82.3) | - | 29 (50.9) | - | 15 (53.6) | - | 9 (34.6) | - |
Euthanasia | 46 (17.5) | 1 (0.8) | - | 18 (31.6) | - | 12 (42.9) | - | 15 (57.7) | - | |
Dead | 36 (13.7) | 22 (16.9) | - | 10 (31.6) | 1 (3.6) | 2 (7.7) | - |
Disease | Parvovirosis | Leptospirosis | MDR | Distemper |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | p-value Estimate Std error | p-value Estimate Std error | p-value Estimate Std error | p-value Estimate Std error |
Age group | ||||
<2 years | <0.001 4.26 0.53 | - | - | <0.001 3.78 1.17 |
≥2 to and <10 years | - | <0.001 1.65 0.50 | 0.16 1.59 1.14 | - |
≥10 years | 0.43 −0.89 1.13 | 0.6 −0.40 0.77 | <0.01 3.51 1.19 | 0.62 −0.62 1.26 |
Sex | ||||
Female | - | - | - | - |
Male | - | - | - | 0.6 −0.43 0.86 |
Neuter Status | ||||
No | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 0.09 −1.65 0.98 | - | 0.56 −0.53 0.92 | 0.04 −3.25 1.55 |
Vaccination Status Updated | ||||
Yes | - | - | - | - |
No | <0.001 4.25 1.09 | - | 0.02 −2.07 0.85 | 0.03 2.70 1.26 |
Breed | ||||
Breed | - | - | - | - |
Mixed breed | 0.98 −0.01 0.43 | - | - | 0.11 1.27 0.8 |
Concomitant Disorders | ||||
No | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 0.06 −0.82 0.43 | <0.001 −1.62 0.41 | 0.03 2.39 1.10 | 0.3 −0.89 0.84 |
Season | ||||
Cold (November-April) | - | - | - | - |
Warm (May-October) | 0.5 0.25 0.43 | 0.07 −0.68 0.38 | - | - |
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Machado, I.C.; Nunes, T.; Maximino, M.; Malato, J.; Tavares, L.; Almeida, V.; Sepúlveda, N.; Gil, S. Epidemiologic Factors Supporting Triage of Infected Dog Patients Admitted to a Veterinary Hospital Biological Isolation and Containment Unit. Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030186
Machado IC, Nunes T, Maximino M, Malato J, Tavares L, Almeida V, Sepúlveda N, Gil S. Epidemiologic Factors Supporting Triage of Infected Dog Patients Admitted to a Veterinary Hospital Biological Isolation and Containment Unit. Veterinary Sciences. 2023; 10(3):186. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030186
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachado, Inês Cunha, Telmo Nunes, Miguel Maximino, João Malato, Luís Tavares, Virgilio Almeida, Nuno Sepúlveda, and Solange Gil. 2023. "Epidemiologic Factors Supporting Triage of Infected Dog Patients Admitted to a Veterinary Hospital Biological Isolation and Containment Unit" Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 3: 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030186