Exploring the Mineral Composition of Grapevine Canes for Wood Chip Applications in Alcoholic Beverage Production to Enhance Viticulture Sustainability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Standards
2.2. Samples Preparation
2.3. Proximate Composition
2.4. Macerative Solvent Extraction
2.5. ICP-OES Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Proximate Composition of Grapevine Canes
3.2. Effects of Roasting on Sample Mass Loss
3.3. EtOH Extraction Yield
3.4. ICP-OES Analysis of Debarked Grapevine Cane Samples
- i.
- These metals are generally involved in protein–enzyme systems that ensure the physiological viability of the initial plant structures. The elevated roasting temperature is likely responsible for disrupting the original metal complex–chelate system present in the woody matrix, leading to the release of poorly soluble metal oxides and a subsequent reduction in their concentrations, as detected by the ICP-OES analysis of the extracts.
- ii.
- It is important to highlight the significance of B in this context, as its concentration reduction with increasing roasting temperature may be attributed to the covalent molecular characteristics of metal oxides and other compounds, which render them highly volatile. Consequently, boron can be lost through thermal stress during roasting.
- iii.
- It is worth noting that the release of metal oxides during roasting can be influenced not only by temperature but also by the presence of other compounds and the chemical environment. For instance, the interaction between metals and polyphenolic compounds, such as tannins, can affect the stability and solubility of the metal species. These interactions can be complex and depend on factors, such as pH, oxidation-reduction potential, and the specific polyphenolic profile of grapevine cane extracts. At elevated temperatures, tannins undergo various reactions, including disruption of their molecular structures and the formation of degradation compounds. These changes can affect the ability of tannins to bind metal ions and form stable complexes. The breakdown of tannin–metal complexes may facilitate the release of metal ions and subsequent formation of less soluble metal oxides or hydroxides.
- iv.
- Additionally, the two metal elements Ni and Bi exhibited opposing trends in the two cultivars, as depicted in Figure 2.
- v.
- The main mineral elements detected in the roasted grapevine canes were K, Mg, and Ca, which exhibited an increasing concentration with roasting temperature. These minerals are essential for maintaining the optimal health and functioning of the human body. Potassium is involved in various physiological processes, including fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction [56,57]. Its ability to regulate blood pressure by counteracting the effects of sodium promotes cardiovascular health. In addition, potassium contributes to bone health and may reduce the risk of kidney stones. Magnesium plays a vital role in more than 300 enzymatic reactions in the body, making it vital for numerous physiological functions [58,59,60]. It is involved in energy production, nerve function, muscle relaxation, and the synthesis of DNA and proteins. Magnesium also supports a healthy heart rhythm, promotes bone health, and helps regulate blood sugar levels. Calcium is known for its role in building and maintaining strong bones and teeth [61]. They are also involved in muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting [62]. Calcium plays a crucial role in maintaining a normal heart rhythm and blood pressure. Additionally, it has been linked to a reduced risk of colorectal cancer and may help in weight management. Therefore, the high content of these minerals in ethanolic extracts allows for the enrichment of beverages and enological products aged with infused chips from a nutritional perspective. By incorporating these minerals into the aging process, the resulting beverages can offer health benefits beyond their flavor and aroma profiles. It meets the increasing demand of consumers to incorporate high nutrient levels with an adequate amount of essential minerals into their normal diet, preferably from plant sources [53].
3.5. ICP-OES Analysis of Grapevine Wood Samples
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ancellotta | Salamino | |
---|---|---|
Grapevine plants sampled after grape harvest | 20 | 20 |
Total mass of collected grapevine wood | ~6 kg | ~6 kg |
Roasting of the debarked grapevine cane samples at 8 temperatures ranging from 120 to 260 °C | 4 replicates for each roasting temperature | 4 replicates for each roasting temperature |
Macerative solvent extraction of tannic fraction in EtOH at 80 °C, for roasted grapevine chips at each temperature in the range of 120–260 °C | 4 replicates | 4 replicates |
Mineralization of dry tannic extracts for each sample of roasted grapevine chips (wet method) | 4 replicates | 4 replicates |
Total metal content of grapevine canes (dry method) | 4 replicates | 4 replicates |
Ancellotta | Salamino | Ref (Mendívil et al. [46]) | |
---|---|---|---|
Moisture% (at 105 °C) | 16.2 ± 0.2 | 22.9 ± 0.3 | 48.3–55.5 (51.5) |
Forced drying% (at 120 °C) | 26.7 ± 0.2 | 38.4 ± 0.2 | - |
C% * | 46.1 ± 0.3 | 45.6 ± 0.4 | 45.7–47.5 (46.3) |
H% * | 6.94 ± 0.08 | 6.94 ± 0.09 | 5.18–6.27 (6.0) |
N% * | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.68–0.82 (0.8) |
S% * | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.04–0.06 (0.05) |
O% *,# | 43.1 ± 0.4 | 45.2 ± 0.5 | - |
Ash% | 3.21 ± 0.05 | 3.07 ± 0.06 | 2.36–3.82 (3.0) |
Ancellotta | Salamino | Sample Appearance | |
---|---|---|---|
t (°C) | −Δm% | −Δm% | |
105 | 16.21 ± 0.24 | 22.90 ± 0.27 | No significant color change, typical odor of dried wood |
120 | 26.67 ± 0.23 | 38.38 ± 0.21 | Slight color change, pleasant scent, not specific |
140 | 34.11 ± 0.21 | 44.29 ± 0.24 | Slight color change, very light roasting aroma |
160 | 36.51 ± 0.38 | 45.09 ± 0.35 | Mild color change, light roasting aroma |
180 | 37.06 ± 0.29 | 46.77 ± 0.33 | Moderate color change, medium roasting aroma |
200 | 37.95 ± 0.30 | 48.17 ± 0.36 | Significant color change, medium-strong roasting aroma |
220 | 40.77 ± 0.24 | 51.18 ± 0.39 | Significant color change, strong roasting aroma |
240 | 47.40 ± 0.32 | 58.27 ± 0.37 | Very significant color change, dark roasting aroma |
260 | 55.58 ± 0.38 | 66.68 ± 0.41 | Dark black color, typical odor of semi-carbonized wood |
Ancellotta | Salamino | |
---|---|---|
t (°C) | Extraction Yield g/100 g * | Extraction Yield g/100 g * |
120 | 2.02 ± 0.07 a | 2.09 ± 0.11 a |
140 | 1.89 ± 0.08 a | 2.06 ± 0.10 a |
160 | 1.85 ± 0.09 a | 2.08 ± 0.14 a |
180 | 1.91 ± 0.10 a | 2.13 ± 0.15 a |
200 | 1.99 ± 0.09 a | 2.15 ± 0.13 a |
220 | 1.97 ± 0.09 a | 2.15 ± 0.11 a |
240 | 1.48 ± 0.08 b | 1.66 ± 0.12 b |
260 | 1.12 ± 0.10 c | 1.04 ± 0.15 c |
Anc120 | Anc140 | Anc160 | Anc180 | Anc200 | Anc220 | Anc240 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 3.74 ± 0.94 a | 4.43 ± 0.91 a | 4.85 ± 0.91 a | 5.52 ± 0.94 a | 5.92 ± 0.83 a | 6.47 ± 0.83 a | 7.15 ± 0.90 a |
B | 7.79 ± 0.95 a | 7.21 ± 0.88 a | 6.98 ± 0.88 a | 6.41 ± 0.91 a | 6.18 ± 0.96 a | 5.25 ± 0.95 ab | 3.82 ± 0.72 b |
Ba | 4.57 ± 0.14 a | 4.17 ± 0.12 ab | 3.65 ± 0.09 bcd | 3.55 ± 0.10 bd | 3.02 ± 0.64 cd | 1.83 ± 0.49 e | 0.34 ± 0.09 f |
Bi | 2.75 ± 0.93 a | 3.18 ± 0.85 a | 3.49 ± 0.79 a | 4.58 ± 0.85 ab | 5.27 ± 1.03 ac | 6.49 ± 1.10 bc | 8.37 ± 1.01 c |
Ca | 18.2 ± 1.11 a | 19.9 ± 1.33 a | 20.5 ± 1.28 a | 21.4 ± 1.17 a | 22.8 ± 1.20 a | 23.6 ± 1.02 a | 24.1 ± 1.16 a |
Cd | 0.25 ± 0.09 a | 0.32 ± 0.09 a | 0.40 ± 0.11 a | 0.45 ± 0.14 a | 0.52 ± 0.16 a | 0.54 ± 0.19 a | 0.70 ± 0.14 a |
Co | 1.42 ± 0.17 a | 1.26 ± 0.18 a | 1.21 ± 0.19 a | 1.12 ± 0.18 a | 1.08 ± 0.20 a | 0.99 ± 0.22 a | 0.95 ± 0.18 a |
Cr | 0.33 ± 0.09 a | 0.51 ± 0.08 ab | 0.56 ± 0.11 ab | 0.72 ± 0.11 ac | 0.78 ± 0.14 bd | 1.02 ± 0.16 cd | 1.23 ± 0.10 d |
Cu | 3.11 ± 0.58 a | 3.49 ± 0.58 a | 3.71 ± 0.48 a | 4.25 ± 0.59 a | 4.83 ± 0.43 ab | 6.39 ± 0.68 bc | 7.75 ± 0.58 c |
Fe | 0.05 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.05 a | 0.12 ± 0.05 ab | 0.15 ± 0.04 ab | 0.21 ± 0.09 ab | 0.34 ± 0.11 bc | 0.61 ± 0.09 c |
K | 29.0 ± 1.19 a | 30.1 ± 1.25 a | 31.4 ± 1.34 a | 32.2 ± 1.32 a | 33.8 ± 1.42 a | 34.5 ± 1.22 a | 35.7 ± 1.44 a |
Mg | 11.5 ± 0.72 a | 11.9 ± 0.62 a | 12.3 ± 0.71 a | 12.9 ± 0.64 a | 13.7 ± 0.76 a | 14.4 ± 0.84 a | 15.1 ± 0.78 a |
Mn | 0.69 ± 0.10 a | 0.59 ± 0.08 ab | 0.51 ± 0.10 ab | 0.46 ± 0.09 ab | 0.41 ± 0.19 ab | 0.33 ± 0.10 b | 0.30 ± 0.09 b |
Ni | 4.13 ± 0.89 a | 5.47 ± 1.08 ab | 6.54 ± 1.06 abc | 7.38 ± 1.09 abc | 8.19 ± 1.28 bd | 10.1 ± 1.19 cd | 12.1 ± 1.12 d |
P | 6.79 ± 0.22 a | 6.36 ± 0.28 ab | 5.93 ± 0.39 abc | 5.69 ± 0.28 bc | 5.21 ± 0.26 bcd | 4.90 ± 0.25 cd | 4.51 ± 0.29 d |
Pb | 4.09 ± 1.01 a | 5.26 ± 1.14 ab | 5.66 ± 1.18 ab | 6.19 ± 1.18 ab | 6.96 ± 1.14 ab | 7.64 ± 1.02 ab | 9.23 ± 1.23 b |
Sr | 0.54 ± 0.09 a | 0.46 ± 0.06 ab | 0.40 ± 0.06 abc | 0.34 ± 0.06 bcd | 0.22 ± 0.08 cd | 0.20 ± 0.07 cd | 0.19 ± 0.05 d |
Zn | 0.19 ± 0.06 a | 0.36 ± 0.11 a | 0.53 ± 0.17 ab | 0.67 ± 0.14 ab | 1.17 ± 0.22 b | 2.01 ± 0.20 c | 3.28 ± 0.19 d |
Sal120 | Sal140 | Sal160 | Sal180 | Sal200 | Sal220 | Sal240 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 3.39 ± 0.57 a | 4.27 ± 0.77 a | 4.45 ± 0.77 a | 5.03 ± 0.94 a | 5.75 ± 1.04 a | 5.75 ± 0.93 a | 6.14 ± 1.06 a |
B | 5.67 ± 0.64 a | 4.95 ± 0.71 ab | 4.58 ± 0.49 abc | 4.16 ± 0.50 abc | 3.97 ± 0.40 bc | 3.45 ± 0.35 bc | 3.32 ± 0.47 c |
Ba | 8.51 ± 0.90 a | 8.14 ± 0.88 ab | 7.99 ± 0.62 ab | 7.37 ± 1.04 ab | 6.21 ± 0.96 ab | 5.64 ± 1.13 bc | 3.44 ± 0.58 c |
Bi | 9.85 ± 0.87 a | 9.13 ± 0.97 a | 8.97 ± 0.92 a | 8.47 ± 1.02 a | 8.31 ± 1.26 ab | 7.23 ± 1.21 ab | 5.70 ± 1.40 b |
Ca | 21.5 ± 1.68 a | 22.3 ± 1.74 a | 23.7 ± 1.53 a | 24.4 ± 1.62 a | 25.6 ± 1.76 a | 26.3 ± 1.15 a | 27.7 ± 1.46 a |
Cd | 0.10 ± 0.03 a | 0.28 ± 0.12 a | 0.31 ± 0.16 a | 0.41 ± 0.13 a | 0.43 ± 0.16 a | 0.52 ± 0.29 a | 0.55 ± 0.23 a |
Co | 2.27 ± 0.25 a | 1.86 ± 0.29 ab | 1.54 ± 0.44 abc | 1.36 ± 0.28 bcd | 1.09 ± 0.26 bcd | 0.99 ± 0.28 cd | 0.58 ± 0.25 d |
Cr | 0.17 ± 0.07 a | 0.39 ± 0.11 a | 0.58 ± 0.30 a | 0.61 ± 0.30 a | 0.75 ± 0.31 a | 0.88 ± 0.36 a | 0.89 ± 0.33 a |
Cu | 3.47 ± 0.58 a | 4.12 ± 0.68 ab | 4.36 ± 0.91 ab | 5.27 ± 0.95 abc | 6.04 ± 0.93 bcd | 7.17 ± 0.94 cd | 9.19 ± 0.97 d |
Fe | 0.08 ± 0.05 a | 0.11 ± 0.04 a | 0.21 ± 0.10 ab | 0.34 ± 0.19 ab | 0.44 ± 0.19 ab | 0.66 ± 0.18 b | 0.69 ± 0.29 b |
K | 26.3 ± 0.97 a | 27.2 ± 0.98 ab | 28.5 ± 1.25 ab | 29.1 ± 0.85 ab | 30.2 ± 0.90 ab | 31.5 ± 0.95 b | 31.9 ± 1.02 b |
Mg | 15.1 ± 0.71 a | 15.9 ± 0.74 ab | 16.3 ± 0.76 ab | 16.9 ± 0.81 ab | 17.3 ± 0.79 ab | 18.4 ± 0.56 b | 19.7 ± 0.62 b |
Mn | 1.45 ± 0.32 a | 1.22 ± 0.21 ab | 1.05 ± 0.38 abc | 0.91 ± 0.31 abc | 0.70 ± 0.21 bc | 0.65 ± 0.19 bc | 0.40 ± 0.15 c |
Ni | 8.93 ± 0.93 a | 7.07 ± 1.01 ab | 6.18 ± 0.99 bc | 5.73 ± 0.70 bc | 5.20 ± 0.71 bc | 4.52 ± 0.57 c | 2.10 ± 0.56 d |
P | 5.95 ± 0.31 a | 5.63 ± 0.27 ab | 5.05 ± 0.29 bc | 4.51 ± 0.27 cd | 4.33 ± 0.25 cd | 4.03 ± 0.23 d | 3.92 ± 0.24 d |
Pb | 2.71 ± 0.27 a | 3.34 ± 0.36 ab | 4.15 ± 0.39 bc | 4.81 ± 0.41 c | 5.27 ± 0.40 c | 6.89 ± 0.44 d | 7.97 ± 0.42 d |
Sr | 1.22 ± 0.21 a | 0.85 ± 0.19 ab | 0.72 ± 0.15 bc | 0.60 ± 0.15 bd | 0.37 ± 0.11 cd | 0.32 ± 0.11 cd | 0.21 ± 0.10 d |
Zn | 0.36 ± 0.12 a | 0.64 ± 0.14 ab | 0.71 ± 0.23 ab | 1.10 ± 0.27 ab | 1.38 ± 0.39 ab | 2.07 ± 0.62 b | 4.15 ± 1.14 c |
Anc120 * | Sal120 * | Sánchez-Gómez et al. [63] | |
---|---|---|---|
Al | 3.74 ± 0.94 | 3.39 ± 0.57 | - |
B | 7.79 ± 0.95 | 5.67 ± 0.64 | 0.04–0.09 (0.06) |
Ba | 4.57 ± 0.14 | 8.51 ± 0.90 | - |
Bi | 2.75 ± 0.93 | 9.85 ± 0.87 | - |
Ca | 18.2 ± 1.11 | 21.5 ± 1.68 | 23.6–39.4 (31.9) |
Cd | 0.25 ± 0.09 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | - |
Co | 1.42 ± 0.17 | 2.27 ± 0.25 | - |
Cr | 0.33 ± 0.09 | 0.17 ± 0.07 | - |
Cu | 3.11 ± 0.58 | 3.47 ± 0.58 | 0.02–0.11 (0.06) |
Fe | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.03–0.14 (0.07) |
K | 29.0 ± 1.19 | 26.3 ± 0.97 | 141.3–154.1 (146.9) |
Mg | 11.5 ± 0.72 | 15.1 ± 0.71 | 25.5–31.7 (27.9) |
Mn | 0.69 ± 0.10 | 1.45 ± 0.32 | 0.20–0.26 (0.24) |
Ni | 4.13 ± 0.89 | 8.93 ± 0.93 | - |
P | 6.79 ± 0.22 | 5.95 ± 0.31 | 22.9–32.4 (27.8) |
Pb | 4.09 ± 1.01 | 2.71 ± 0.27 | - |
Sr | 0.54 ± 0.09 | 1.22 ± 0.21 | - |
Zn | 0.19 ± 0.06 | 0.36 ± 0.12 | 0.15–0.22 (0.17) |
mg/100 g on Dry Basis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Anc * | Sal * | Çetin et al. [53] | Mendívil et al. [46] | |
Al | 13.04 ± 0.15 | 11.28 ± 0.19 | 1.5–3.7 (2.54) | |
B | 7.81 ± 0.14 | 9.39 ± 0.18 | 0.8–1.8 (1.34) | |
Ba | 5.64 ± 0.20 | 4.22 ± 0.16 | 0.3–0.8 (0.52) | |
Bi | 4.50 ± 0.09 | 3.86 ± 0.08 | ||
Ca | 319.2 ± 13.7 | 394.5 ± 12.4 | 633–1021 (756) | 450–890 (629) |
Cd | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.44 ± 0.04 | <0.1 | |
Co | 0.62 ± 0.04 | 0.51 ± 0.03 | ||
Cr | 0.72 ± 0.03 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | <(0.1–0.5) | |
Cu | 12.71 ± 0.31 | 14.73 ± 0.27 | 0.8–2.0 (1.21) | |
Fe | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 0.46 ± 0.03 | 0.26–0.68 (0.36) | 1.8–4.3 (2.52) |
K | 561.5 ± 24.6 | 485.1 ± 19.3 | 519–823 (632) | 510–870 (674) |
Mg | 25.12 ± 2.3 | 40.03 ± 2.9 | 1.94–11.12 (4.72) | 120–200 (159) |
Mn | 2.32 ± 0.11 | 2.30 ± 0.08 | 1.7–4.5 (2.66) | |
Ni | 10.81 ± 0.19 | 10.21 ± 0.21 | <0.2 | |
P | 37.38 ± 4.5 | 32.68 ± 4.1 | 42–93 (69) | 70–90 (81) |
Pb | 4.46 ± 0.07 | 4.14 ± 0.08 | <1 | |
Sr | 4.37 ± 0.11 | 3.78 ± 0.09 | ||
Zn | 2.84 ± 0.08 | 2.18 ± 0.06 | 0.70–9.82 (1.48) | 0.9–2.4 (1.41) |
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D’Eusanio, V.; Genua, F.; Marchetti, A.; Morelli, L.; Tassi, L. Exploring the Mineral Composition of Grapevine Canes for Wood Chip Applications in Alcoholic Beverage Production to Enhance Viticulture Sustainability. Beverages 2023, 9, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages9030060
D’Eusanio V, Genua F, Marchetti A, Morelli L, Tassi L. Exploring the Mineral Composition of Grapevine Canes for Wood Chip Applications in Alcoholic Beverage Production to Enhance Viticulture Sustainability. Beverages. 2023; 9(3):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages9030060
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Eusanio, Veronica, Francesco Genua, Andrea Marchetti, Lorenzo Morelli, and Lorenzo Tassi. 2023. "Exploring the Mineral Composition of Grapevine Canes for Wood Chip Applications in Alcoholic Beverage Production to Enhance Viticulture Sustainability" Beverages 9, no. 3: 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages9030060