Water Quality in Selected Small Drinking Water Systems of Missouri Rural Communities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Objective and Scope
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Small Drinking Water Systems
2.2. Water Sample Collection
2.3. Chemical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. System I
3.2. System II
3.3. System III
3.4. Disscusion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DBP | Disinfection Byproduct |
DOC | Dissolved Organic Carbon |
EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
N-DBP | Nitrogen Containing Disinfection Byproduct |
NOM | Natural Organic Matter |
PAC | Powdered Activated Carbon |
SUVA | Specific UV Absorbance |
THM | Trihalomethane |
THMFP | Trihalomethane Formation Potential |
TTHM | Total Trihalomethanes |
US | the United States |
UV254 | Absorbance of Ultraviolet Light at Wavelength 254 nm |
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Facility | Location | Population Served (As of 2011) | Yield (MGPD) | Source Water |
---|---|---|---|---|
System I | West of Missouri | ~5300 | 0.58 | Ground |
System II | North of Missouri | ~3900 | 0.22 | Reservoir |
System III | Center of Missouri | ~8400 | 1.13 | Missouri River |
Sample ID | UV254 | DOC (mg/L) | SUVA (UV254/DOC) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd | 3rd | 4th | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
1-1 | 0.105 | 0.207 | 0.308 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 0.038 | 0.063 | 0.118 |
1-2 | 0.076 | 0.082 | 0.074 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 0.022 | 0.023 | 0.019 |
1-3 | 0.081 | 0.058 | 0.049 | 2. 7 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 0.030 | 0.020 | 0.018 |
1-4 | 0.060 | 0.053 | 0.038 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 0.023 | 0.018 | 0.012 |
1-5 | 0.054 | 0.052 | 0.046 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 0.020 | 0.017 | 0.016 |
1-6 | 0.051 | 0.054 | 0.045 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.016 |
1-7 | 0.052 | 0.059 | 0.046 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 0.017 | 0.019 | 0.014 |
Sample ID | THM Concentrations (µg/L) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CHCl3 | CHBrCl2 | CHBr2Cl | THMFP | |||||||||
2nd | 3rd | 4th | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
1-1 | 66.7 | 111.7 | 54.0 | 33.4 | 79.3 | 36.5 | 16.2 | 50.5 | 20.6 | 117.5 | 247.0 | 112.4 |
1-2 | 77.0 | - | - | 35.2 | - | - | 18.5 | - | - | 132.0 | - | - |
1-7 | 74.6 | 161.8 | 54.6 | 22.8 | 83.9 | 36.8 | 17.3 | 58.3 | 28.5 | 122.2 | 314.4 | 127.9 |
Sample ID | UV254 | DOC (mg/L) | SUVA (UV254:DOC) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
2-1 | 0.297 | 0.154 | 0.142 | 0.092 | 8.9 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 6.8 | 0.033 | 0.020 | 0.018 | 0.013 |
2-2 | 0.055 | 0.055 | 0.052 | 0.040 | 5.0 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 0.011 | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.008 |
2-3 | 0.055 | 0.041 | 0.035 | 0.037 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 0.016 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.007 |
2-4 | 0.038 | 0.038 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 2.7 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 0.014 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.007 |
2-5 | 0.037 | 0.038 | 0.034 | 0.036 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.007 |
2-6 | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.035 | 0.034 | - | 3.8 | 4.6 | 5.0 | - | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.007 |
Sample ID | THM Concentrations (µ/L) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CHCl3 | CHBrCl2 | CHBr2Cl | THMFP | |||||||||||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
2-1 | 191.3 | 233.9 | 230.7 | 133.1 | 10.4 | 21.1 | 39.2 | 42.8 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 5.6 | 9.3 | 201.9 | 252.0 | 275.5 | 186.2 |
2-2 | 103.7 | 89.3 | - | 9.4 | 17.9 | - | 0.8 | 5.2 | - | 113.9 | 105.3 | - | ||||
2-3 | 125.8 | - | - | 10.4 | - | - | 0.8 | - | 136.9 | - | - | |||||
2-4 | 129.4 | - | - | 9.4 | - | - | 0.8 | - | 139.6 | - | - | |||||
2-5 | 129.7 | - | 77.9 | 9.6 | - | 19.7 | 0.8 | 7.9 | 140.1 | - | 105.9 | |||||
2-6 | 90.1 | 99.4 | - | 71.6 | 5.4 | 12.6 | - | 24.1 | 0.6 | 5.2 | - | 12.0 | 96.1 | 111.6 | - | 109.0 |
Sample ID | UV254 | DOC(ppm) | SUVA (UV254:DOC) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2nd | 3rd | 4th | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
3-1 | 0.091 | 0.082 | 0.072 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 0.022 | 0.020 | 0.015 |
3-2 | 0.073 | 0.082 | N/A | 3.5 | 4.2 | N/A | 0.021 | 0.020 | N/A |
3-3 | 0.007 | 0.066 | 0.060 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 0.002 | 0.016 | 0.015 |
3-4 | 0.061 | 0.056 | 0.053 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 0.018 | 0.015 | 0.015 |
3-5 | 0.060 | 0.056 | 0.052 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 0.017 | 0.013 | 0.012 |
3-6 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.042 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.012 |
3-7 | 0.042 | 0.059 | 0.057 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.017 |
3-8 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.050 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.016 |
Sample ID | THM Concentrations (ppb) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CHCl3 | CHBrCl2 | CHBr2Cl | THMFP | |||||||||||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
3-1 | 166.8 | 74.49 | 136.9 | 103.3 | 25.1 | 48.47 | 22.4 | 30.5 | 2.7 | 29.30 | 4.7 | 6.9 | 194.6 | 156.9 | 163.6 | 141.3 |
3-2 | 118.4 | - | - | - | 22.9 | - | - | - | 4.0 | - | 145.3 | - | - | - | ||
3-3 | 134.6 | 73.51 | - | - | 22.4 | 51.12 | - | - | 2.9 | 29.91 | 159.9 | 160.0 | - | - | ||
3-4 | 120.5 | - | - | - | 20.7 | - | - | - | 2.9 | - | 144.1 | - | - | - | ||
3-5 | 120.1 | 60.49 | - | - | 20.5 | 47.36 | - | - | 2.7 | 33.38 | 143.3 | 148.3 | - | - | ||
3-6 | 116.1 | - | - | - | 14.7 | - | - | - | 2.7 | - | 133.5 | - | - | - | ||
3-7 | 135.1 | - | - | - | 13.7 | - | - | - | 2.6 | - | 151.4 | - | - | - | ||
3-8 | 79.5 | 33.34 | 76.9 | 82.2 | 14.5 | 14.91 | 17.5 | 22.0 | 3.5 | 15.60 | 5.1 | 7.5 | 97.5 | 71.1 | 99.6 | 102.8 |
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Hua, B.; Mu, R.; Shi, H.; Inniss, E.; Yang, J. Water Quality in Selected Small Drinking Water Systems of Missouri Rural Communities. Beverages 2016, 2, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages2020010
Hua B, Mu R, Shi H, Inniss E, Yang J. Water Quality in Selected Small Drinking Water Systems of Missouri Rural Communities. Beverages. 2016; 2(2):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages2020010
Chicago/Turabian StyleHua, Bin, Ruipu Mu, Honglan Shi, Enos Inniss, and John Yang. 2016. "Water Quality in Selected Small Drinking Water Systems of Missouri Rural Communities" Beverages 2, no. 2: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages2020010