Fucoidan from Marine Macroalgae: Biological Actions and Applications in Regenerative Medicine, Drug Delivery Systems and Food Industry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Marine Macroalgal Sources of Fucoidan
3. Cultivation of Marine Macroalga
4. Composition, Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Fucoidan
5. Extraction, Purification and Structural Modification of Fucoidan
5.1. Harvesting and Pretreatment of Algal Biomass
5.2. Extraction of Fucoidan
5.3. Isolation and Purification of Fucoidan
5.4. Structure Elucidation of Fucoidan
5.5. Structural Modification of Fucoidan
6. Industrial Production Scenario
7. Biological Action and Health Benefits of Fucoidan
7.1. Antioxidant Action
7.2. Anticancer Action/Apoptotic Effect
7.3. Immunomodulating Action
7.4. Lipolytic and Anti-Adipogenic/Anti-Obesogenic Activity
7.5. Hepatoprotective Action
7.6. Neuroprotective Action
7.7. Anticoagulant Action
7.8. Antibacterial Action
7.9. Antiviral Action
7.10. Cosmeceutical Applications
8. Biomedical Applications of Fucoidan
8.1. Wound Healing
8.2. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
8.3. Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
9. Food and Feed Applications of Fucoidan
10. Food Packaging and Preservation
11. Challenges and Outlook
12. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Marine Macroalga | Chemical Composition/Structure | Reference |
---|---|---|
Fucus evanescens | ([→3)-α-L-Fucp(2,4O SO3−)-(1→4)-α-L-Fucp(2OSO3−)-(1→])n | [18] |
Sargassum horneri | repeating →3-α-l-Fucp(2 SO3−)-1→4-α-l-Fucp(2,3SO(3)(-))-1→ fragment, with insertions of →3-α-l-Fucp(2,4SO(3)(-))-1→ fragment | [19] |
Laminaria longipes | [→3)-α-l-Fucp-(2SO(3)-)-(1→4)-α-l-Fucp-(1→2)-α-l-Fucp-(4 SO3−)-(1→]n | [20] |
Laminaria hyperborea | (1→3)-α-L-fuco-pyranose (31.9%) to be the dominant residue, followed by 1→2-linked (13.2%) and 1→4-linked (7.7%) fuco-pyranose | [21] |
Fucus evanescens | ([→3)-α-L-Fucp(2,4O SO3−)-(1→4)-α-L-Fucp(2OSO3-)-(1→]n) | [18] |
Ascophyllum nodosum | [→3)-α-l-Fuc(2SO3−)-(1→4)-α-l-Fuc(2,3diSO3−)-(1]n | [14] |
Fucus evanescens | [→3)-α-l-Fucp(2SO3−)-(1→4)-α-l-Fucp(2SO3−)-(1→]n | [22] |
Fucus distichus | [→3)-α-l-Fucp-(2,4-di-SO3−)-(1→4)-α-l-Fucp-(2SO3−)-(1→]n | [23] |
Macroalgal Species | Extraction Method | Extraction Yield/Efficiency | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Ascophyllum nodosum | Microwave-assisted extraction | 16.08% | [50] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Pressurized liquid extraction at high temperature | 25.99 ± 2.22% | [51] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Microwave-assisted extraction | 18.2 ± 1.4% | [52] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Autohydrolysis process | 16.5 ± 1.2% | [52] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Microwave-assisted extraction | 18.22% | [53] |
Nizamuddinia zanardinii | Ultrasound-assisted extraction | 3.51% | [54] |
Sargassum myriocystum | Enzyme-assisted extraction | 6.2% | [46] |
Turbinaria decurrens | Soaking in chloroform/methanol, sequential extraction in CaCl2, HCl | 5.58% (crude) 1.28% (purified) | [47] |
Sargassum ilicifolium | Probe sonication–microwave assisted extraction method Hot water extraction method | 8 ± 0.9% 6 ± 0.5% | [55] |
Macroalgal Source | Biological Action | Mechanism of Action | Application | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ascophyllum nodosum | Dermatological action | Inhibition of gelatinase A secretion and stromelysin 1 induction by interleukin-1β on dermal fibroblasts Increasing the association of MMPs with their specific inhibitors, namely TIMPs Minimize human leukocyte elastase activity Protection of human skin elastic fiber network against proteolysis by serine proteinase | Treating inflammatory pathologies with uncontrolled extracellular matrix degradation | [75] |
Cladosiphon okamuranus | Antiviral action | Inhibition of viral entry into host cell, formation of syncytia and plaque forming units by blocking F protein | Antiviral to prevent New Castle Disease Virus infection in poultry | [15] |
Fucus evanescens | Antiviral action | Preventive effect, virucidal effect and inhibition of virus adsorption and early stages of virus replication | Broad spectrum antiviral against DNA and RNA viruses, such as herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2), enterovirus (ECHO-1), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) | [18] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Anti-adipogenic action | Decrease the expression of key proteins of adipogenic differentiation (C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, and PPARγ) | Treatment of obesity | [73] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Antioxidant action Dermatological action | Inhibition of skin aging by increasing the expression of SIRTI. Improve skin immunity, soothing and protection, age spot reduction | Topical application for skin brightening | [42] |
Laminaria hyperborea | Anticoagulant action | Inhibition of coagulation proteins Inhibition of complement activation by monocytes Inhibition of platelets | Potential alternative to heparin | [21] |
Laminaria japonica | Antibacterial | Bactericidal action through destruction of cytomembranes targeting the membrane proteins, which can result in changed membrane fluidity and/or activated autophagocytosis. | Potential for partly or totally replacing antibiotics against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus | [76] |
Laminaria longipes | Anticancer action | Prevent growth of cancer cells Sensitization of cancer cells to X-ray radiation | Effective against melanoma and colon cancer cells | [20] |
Saccharina cichorioides | Anticancer action | Prevent growth of cancer cells Sensitization of cancer cells to X-ray radiation | Effective against melanoma and colon cancer cells | [20] |
Sargassum binderi | Antioxidant | Free-radical scavenging activity (DPPH), reducing power, superoxide anion scavenging activity (SOA) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (OH) | Attenuation of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-1 and TNF-α, and the degradation of phosphorylated p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK. Inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression induced by lipopolysaccharides | [77] |
Sargassum cinereum | Anticancer action | Dose-dependent inhibition of growth of colon cancer cells (Caco-2) by induction of apoptosis, increase in ROS production and augmentation of mitochondrial membrane permeability | Promising therapeutic regimen against various cancer cell types | [78] |
Sargassum crassifolium and Padina australis | Immunomodulation | Intestinal immunomodulating activity via Peyer’s patch cells | Maintenance of bowel health | [79] |
Sargassum duplicatum | Anticancer action | Prevent growth of cancer cells | Effective against colon cancer | [61] |
Sargassum hemiphyllum | Anti-inflammatory effect | Reduction of secretion profiles of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NO Dose-dependent inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA expressions of IL-β, iNOS, and COX-2 Down-regulation of NF-κB | Treatment of inflammation | [80] |
Sargassum henslowianum | Antiviral action | Reduction of plaque forming units Block virion adsorption to host cells | Treatment of Human Simplex Virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infection | [81] |
Sargassum myriocystum | Antioxidant action | Free radical scavenging activity against hydroxyl and DPPH radical | Treatment for various oxidative stress and age-related diseases | [46] |
Sargassum swartzii | Antiviral action | Reduction in HIV-1 p24 antigen levels and reverse transcriptase activity | Potential as an anti-HIV-1 agent | [82] |
Undaria pinnatifida | Antioxidant | Secondary antioxidant capacity | Can replace synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress | [60] |
Undaria pinnatifida | Antiviral action and immunomodulation | Inhibit replication of influenza A virus Stimulate both innate and adaptive immune defense functions in virus-infected host | Development of new therapeutic options, including its combination with neuraminidase inhibitors, such as oseltamivir | [83] |
Fucus vesiculosus | Antiviral action | Inhibit viral replication Enhance host innate immune response through up-regulation of interferons signaling related genes and interferon-stimulated genes encoding antiviral effectors | Effective against human noroviruses (hNoV) | [84] |
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Anisha, G.S.; Padmakumari, S.; Patel, A.K.; Pandey, A.; Singhania, R.R. Fucoidan from Marine Macroalgae: Biological Actions and Applications in Regenerative Medicine, Drug Delivery Systems and Food Industry. Bioengineering 2022, 9, 472. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090472
Anisha GS, Padmakumari S, Patel AK, Pandey A, Singhania RR. Fucoidan from Marine Macroalgae: Biological Actions and Applications in Regenerative Medicine, Drug Delivery Systems and Food Industry. Bioengineering. 2022; 9(9):472. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090472
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnisha, Grace Sathyanesan, Savitha Padmakumari, Anil Kumar Patel, Ashok Pandey, and Reeta Rani Singhania. 2022. "Fucoidan from Marine Macroalgae: Biological Actions and Applications in Regenerative Medicine, Drug Delivery Systems and Food Industry" Bioengineering 9, no. 9: 472. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9090472