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Bioengineering
Volume 13
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10.3390/bioengineering13010072
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Article

A Novel Mixed Stimulation Pattern for Balanced Pulmonary EIT Imaging Performance

by
Zhibo Zhao
1,†,
Zhijun Gao
2,†,
Heyao Zhu
1,†,
Zhanqi Zhao
3,
Meng Dai
1,
Zilong Liu
2,
Feng Fu
1,* and
Lin Yang
2,*
1
Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
2
Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
3
School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Bioengineering 2026, 13(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010072
Submission received: 9 December 2025 / Revised: 27 December 2025 / Accepted: 5 January 2026 / Published: 8 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)
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Abstract

Pulmonary electrical impedance tomography (EIT) offers non-invasive and real-time imaging in a compact device size, making it valuable for pulmonary ventilation monitoring. However, conventional EIT stimulation patterns face a trade-off dilemma between anti-noise performance and image interpretability. To address this challenge, we propose a novel mixed stimulation pattern that integrates opposite and adjacent stimulation patterns with a tunable weight ratio. The results of simulations and human experiments (involving 30 subjects) demonstrated that the mixed stimulation pattern uses 200 stimulation–measurement channels, preserves a high signal-to-noise ratio, improves lung separation, and reduces artifacts compared with the opposite and adjacent stimulation patterns. It maintained stable imaging at 600 μA of stimulation current amplitude (equivalent to 1 mA) and preserved most imaging and clinical indicators’ stability at 200 μA (except GI/RVDSD). The adjustable weight ratio enables imaging performance to be flexibly adjusted according to different noise levels in acquisition environments. In conclusion, the pattern we proposed offers a superior alternative to traditional patterns, achieving a favorable balance of real-time capability, anti-noise performance, and image interpretability for pulmonary EIT imaging.
Keywords: electrical impedance tomography; stimulation pattern; anti-noise performance; image interpretability electrical impedance tomography; stimulation pattern; anti-noise performance; image interpretability
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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhao, Z.; Gao, Z.; Zhu, H.; Zhao, Z.; Dai, M.; Liu, Z.; Fu, F.; Yang, L. A Novel Mixed Stimulation Pattern for Balanced Pulmonary EIT Imaging Performance. Bioengineering 2026, 13, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010072

AMA Style

Zhao Z, Gao Z, Zhu H, Zhao Z, Dai M, Liu Z, Fu F, Yang L. A Novel Mixed Stimulation Pattern for Balanced Pulmonary EIT Imaging Performance. Bioengineering. 2026; 13(1):72. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010072

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhao, Zhibo, Zhijun Gao, Heyao Zhu, Zhanqi Zhao, Meng Dai, Zilong Liu, Feng Fu, and Lin Yang. 2026. "A Novel Mixed Stimulation Pattern for Balanced Pulmonary EIT Imaging Performance" Bioengineering 13, no. 1: 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010072

APA Style

Zhao, Z., Gao, Z., Zhu, H., Zhao, Z., Dai, M., Liu, Z., Fu, F., & Yang, L. (2026). A Novel Mixed Stimulation Pattern for Balanced Pulmonary EIT Imaging Performance. Bioengineering, 13(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13010072

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