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Bioengineering
Volume 12
Issue 9
10.3390/bioengineering12090917
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Communication

Analysis of Conventional and Enhanced-Biocompatibility ZnO/Ag Heterojunction Nanorod-Based Advanced Root Canal Sealers

by
Gayathri Velusamy
1,2,
Aleena Unnikrishnan
2,3,
Dinesh Veeran Ponnuvelu
2,3,4,*,
Selvakumar Rajendran
5,
Sungsu Park
4 and
Biji Pullithadathil
2,*
1
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramakrishna Dental College and Hospital, Coimbatore 641006, India
2
Nanosensors & Clean Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry& Nanoscience and Technology, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore 641004, India
3
School of Agricultural Sciences, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University, Tiruchirappalli 621112, India
4
School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
5
Department of Biotechnology & Nanobiotechnology, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore 641004, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Bioengineering 2025, 12(9), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12090917
Submission received: 11 February 2025 / Revised: 10 August 2025 / Accepted: 21 August 2025 / Published: 26 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Dental Biomaterials)
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Abstract

This investigation aims to evaluate the biocompatibility and assess the cytotoxicity of synthesized ZnO/Ag heterojunction nanorods with commercially available root canal sealers in India. Among the commercially available root canal sealers, zinc oxide (ZnO) eugenol-based sealers are widely utilized as per Grossmann’s requirements. However, these ZnO eugenol-based sealers often experience solubility issues and tissue reactions in contact with periapical tissues. To overcome the inexplicable reactivity of ZnO eugenol-based sealers, nano ZnO and nano ZnO/Ag heterojunction materials have been developed via a wet-chemical approach and studied to assess their biocompatibility and cytotoxicity. The findings of our study revealed that nano ZnO/Ag heterojunction material possesses a higher degree of biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity as compared to conventional ZnO eugenol-based sealers, attributed to its high surface-to-volume ratio, the enhanced penetration of nanosized sealers into dentinal tubules, and the synergistic spillover sensitization effect of nano ZnO combined with Ag nanoclusters. From this comparative evaluation of root canal sealers, the usage of nano ZnO/Ag heterojunction materials was found to be significantly advantageous over commercial zinc oxide eugenol-based sealers and may find profound usage with a long shelf-life.
Keywords: root canal sealers; nano ZnO/Ag heterojunction; cytotoxicity; biocompatibility root canal sealers; nano ZnO/Ag heterojunction; cytotoxicity; biocompatibility

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MDPI and ACS Style

Velusamy, G.; Unnikrishnan, A.; Ponnuvelu, D.V.; Rajendran, S.; Park, S.; Pullithadathil, B. Analysis of Conventional and Enhanced-Biocompatibility ZnO/Ag Heterojunction Nanorod-Based Advanced Root Canal Sealers. Bioengineering 2025, 12, 917. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12090917

AMA Style

Velusamy G, Unnikrishnan A, Ponnuvelu DV, Rajendran S, Park S, Pullithadathil B. Analysis of Conventional and Enhanced-Biocompatibility ZnO/Ag Heterojunction Nanorod-Based Advanced Root Canal Sealers. Bioengineering. 2025; 12(9):917. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12090917

Chicago/Turabian Style

Velusamy, Gayathri, Aleena Unnikrishnan, Dinesh Veeran Ponnuvelu, Selvakumar Rajendran, Sungsu Park, and Biji Pullithadathil. 2025. "Analysis of Conventional and Enhanced-Biocompatibility ZnO/Ag Heterojunction Nanorod-Based Advanced Root Canal Sealers" Bioengineering 12, no. 9: 917. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12090917

APA Style

Velusamy, G., Unnikrishnan, A., Ponnuvelu, D. V., Rajendran, S., Park, S., & Pullithadathil, B. (2025). Analysis of Conventional and Enhanced-Biocompatibility ZnO/Ag Heterojunction Nanorod-Based Advanced Root Canal Sealers. Bioengineering, 12(9), 917. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12090917

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