Application of a Nomogram Model in Predicting Postoperative Delirium Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Patient Population
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Outcome
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients
3.2. Survival Analysis of Patients
3.3. Factors Associated with Delirium Occurrence in the Training Cohort
3.4. Model’s Predictive Performance and Clinical Utility
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
percutaneous coronary intervention | PCI |
intensive care unit | ICU |
international classification of diseases | ICD |
heart rate | HR |
mean arterial pressure | MBP |
blood oxygen saturation | SPO2 |
hemoglobin | Hb |
platelets | PLT |
white blood cell count | WBC |
blood urea nitrogen | BUN |
serum creatinine | Cr |
international normalized ratio | INR |
activated partial thromboplastin time | APTT |
bicarbonate, anion gap | AG |
Kaplan–Meier | KM |
hazard ratios | HR |
confidence intervals | CIs |
variance inflation factor | VIF |
area under the receiver operating characteristic curve | AUC |
decision curve analysis | DCA |
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Characteristic | No Delirium, N = 234 | Delirium Present, N = 79 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.883 | ||
Male | 138 (59%) | 48 (61%) | |
Female | 96 (41%) | 31 (39%) | |
Age | 71.00 (62.00, 80.00) | 73.00 (62.00, 82.00) | 0.452 |
Admission Type | 0.799 | ||
Emergency | 109 (47%) | 40 (51%) | |
Urgent | 97 (41%) | 31 (39%) | |
Other | 28 (12%) | 8 (10%) | |
Hb | 11.80 (10.20, 13.30) | 11.30 (9.35, 13.15) | 0.226 |
PLTs | 203.00 (153.25, 264.75) | 215.00 (158.00, 291.00) | 0.302 |
WBC | 9.85 (7.30, 13.50) | 12.20 (8.30, 16.75) | <0.001 |
BUN | 23.00 (16.00, 30.00) | 27.00 (18.50, 44.50) | 0.007 |
Cr | 1.10 (0.80, 1.50) | 1.40 (0.90, 1.95) | 0.019 |
INR | 1.20 (1.10, 1.40) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.45) | 0.128 |
APTT | 35.45 (29.33, 59.93) | 36.40 (29.55, 61.25) | 0.718 |
Bicarbonate | 24.00 (21.00, 26.00) | 23.00 (19.00, 26.00) | 0.124 |
Serum Potassium | 4.10 (3.80, 4.70) | 4.30 (3.65, 4.70) | 0.590 |
Serum Sodium | 138.00 (135.25, 140.00) | 138.00 (135.00, 141.00) | 0.785 |
Blood Glucose | 135.00 (106.00, 179.75) | 154.00 (122.00, 201.50) | 0.032 |
AG | 15.00 (13.00, 18.00) | 16.00 (14.00, 19.00) | 0.104 |
MBP | 80.00 (70.00, 93.00) | 81.00 (71.00, 100.00) | 0.208 |
HR | 85.50 (71.00, 102.00) | 94.00 (75.00, 111.00) | 0.037 |
SP02 | 97.00 (94.00, 99.00) | 98.00 (95.00, 100.00) | 0.045 |
Benzodiazepine Use | 75 (32%) | 44 (56%) | <0.001 |
Vasoactive Drug Therapy | 44 (19%) | 45 (57%) | <0.001 |
Hospital LOS | 8.00 (4.00, 13.00) | 15.00 (11.00, 24.00) | <0.001 |
Hospital Mortality | 10 (4.3%) | 15 (19%) | <0.001 |
28-day mortality | 18 (7.7%) | 15 (19%) | 0.009 |
180-day mortality | 38 (16%) | 24 (30%) | 0.010 |
360-day mortality | 51 (22%) | 28 (35%) | 0.024 |
No Delirium (n = 234) | Delirium Present (n = 79) | ||
---|---|---|---|
HR (95%CI) | p-Value | ||
28-day mortality | |||
Unadjusted | Reference | 2.684 (1.353, 5.327) | 0.005 |
Adjusted | Reference | 2.833 (1.193, 6.728) | 0.018 |
180-day mortality | |||
Unadjusted | Reference | 2.103 (1.261, 3.506) | 0.004 |
Adjusted | Reference | 1.599 (0.841, 3.040) | 0.153 |
360-day mortality | |||
Unadjusted | Reference | 1.854 (1.169, 2.940) | 0.009 |
Adjusted | Reference | 1.640 (0.931, 2.888) | 0.087 |
Variables | OR | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | Reference | — | — |
Female | 0.784 | (0.331–1.808) | 0.573 |
Age | 1.048 | (1.013–1.086) | 0.008 |
Admission Type | |||
Emergency | Reference | — | — |
Urgent | 1.450 | (0.632–3.388) | 0.382 |
Other | 1.640 | (0.461–5.460) | 0.427 |
Hb | 1.153 | (0.941–1.423) | 0.175 |
PLTs | 1.003 | (0.999–1.007) | 0.166 |
WBC | 1.071 | (1.019–1.136) | 0.011 |
BUN | 1.021 | (0.997–1.046) | 0.090 |
Cr | 1.116 | (0.739–1.612) | 0.576 |
INR | 0.923 | (0.557–1.444) | 0.738 |
APTT | 0.993 | (0.979–1.006) | 0.302 |
Bicarbonate | 0.947 | (0.830–1.074) | 0.407 |
Serum Potassium | 0.462 | (0.231–0.881) | 0.023 |
Serum Sodium | 1.047 | (0.960–1.155) | 0.330 |
Blood Glucose | 1.003 | (0.997–1.008) | 0.364 |
AG | 0.939 | (0.804–1.093) | 0.423 |
MBP | 1.023 | (1.000–1.048) | 0.053 |
HR | 1.012 | (0.993–1.032) | 0.211 |
SP02 | 1.063 | (0.963–1.190) | 0.253 |
Benzodiazepine Use | |||
NO | Reference | — | — |
YES | 2.486 | (1.055–5.990) | 0.038 |
Vasoactive Drug Therapy | |||
NO | Reference | — | — |
YES | 3.815 | (1.575–9.479) | 0.003 |
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Share and Cite
Xiong, Y.; Meng, Z.; Sun, J.; Qi, Y.; Wang, K.; Huang, P.; Yang, Q.; Fan, R.; Guan, J.; Zhao, M.; et al. Application of a Nomogram Model in Predicting Postoperative Delirium Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Bioengineering 2025, 12, 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12060637
Xiong Y, Meng Z, Sun J, Qi Y, Wang K, Huang P, Yang Q, Fan R, Guan J, Zhao M, et al. Application of a Nomogram Model in Predicting Postoperative Delirium Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Bioengineering. 2025; 12(6):637. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12060637
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiong, Yaxin, Ze Meng, Jiuyue Sun, Yucheng Qi, Kuo Wang, Ping Huang, Qiuyue Yang, Renliang Fan, Jiaman Guan, Mingyan Zhao, and et al. 2025. "Application of a Nomogram Model in Predicting Postoperative Delirium Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention" Bioengineering 12, no. 6: 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12060637
APA StyleXiong, Y., Meng, Z., Sun, J., Qi, Y., Wang, K., Huang, P., Yang, Q., Fan, R., Guan, J., Zhao, M., & Meng, X. (2025). Application of a Nomogram Model in Predicting Postoperative Delirium Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Bioengineering, 12(6), 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12060637