Design and Modeling of Ultra-Compact Wideband Implantable Antenna for Wireless ISM Band
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Size Reduction Techniques
2.2. Properties of Human Tissues
Tissue Type | Dielectric Constant (εr) | Conductivity σ (S/m) |
---|---|---|
Skin | 38 | 1.44 |
Fat | 5.28 | 0.1 |
Muscle | 52.7 | 1.74 |
Kidney | 52.9 | 2.37 |
Liver | 43 | 1.69 |
Brain Layers | ||
Bone | 11.41 | 0.394 |
CSF | 66.3 | 3.46 |
Dura | 42.1 | 1.67 |
Grey Matter | 49 | 1.81 |
White Matter | 36.2 | 1.21 |
3. Antenna Design and Simulations
3.1. Proposed Antenna Configuration
3.2. Size Reduction Steps
3.3. Analysis and Discussion
3.4. Sensitivity Analysis and Parametric Study
3.5. Model Integrity Analysis
4. Specific Absorption Rate Calculations
5. Link Budget
6. Fabrication and Measurements
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Values (mm) | Parameters | Values (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
W | 5 | S6 | 2.2 |
L | 5 | S7 | 0.3 |
S1 | 4.2 | S8 | 0.3 |
S2 | 0.3 | S9 | 2.25 |
S3 | 1.5 | S10 | 1.8 |
S4 | 1.15 | S11 | 2.55 |
S5 | 0.3 | G | 1 |
Human Tissue | Max. SAR (W/Kg) | Max. Allowed Input Power (mW) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 g | 10 g | 1 g | 10 g | |
Muscle | 712.2 | 78.86 | 2.8 | 20.28 |
Kidney | 771.4 | 82.98 | 2.59 | 19.28 |
Liver | 758.2 | 83.4 | 2.64 | 19.18 |
Brain | 788.7 | 85.24 | 2.535 | 18.77 |
Skin | 715.7 | 77.6 | 2.79 | 20.6 |
Muscle | 712.2 | 78.86 | 2.8 | 20.28 |
Transmission | Receiver | ||
---|---|---|---|
Frequency (GHz) | 2.45 | Rx antennae gain Gr (dBi) | 2.15 |
Tx power (dBm) | −40 | PLF (dB) | 1 |
Tx antenna gain, Gt (dBi) | Scenario dependent | Temperature T0 (K) | 293 |
Boltzmann constant (K) | 1.38 × 10−23 | ||
Signal quality | |||
Bit rate Br (Kb/s) | 100/1000 | ||
Bit error rate | 1 × 10−5 | ||
Eb/N0 (ideal PSK) (dB) | 9.6 | ||
Coding gain Gc (dB) | 0 |
Ref. | Freq. (GHz) | Volume mm3 | BW (MHz) | Gain (dBi) | SAR W/kg | Implantation Scenario | Depth (mm) | Operation Condition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[56] | 2.45 | 99.75 | 520 | −26.4 | 712 (1 g) | skin | 4 | homogeneous |
[57] | 2.6 | 37 | 400 | −19.7 | 0.7 (10 g) | skin | 4 | homogeneous |
[58] | 2.45 | 17.15 | 219 | −18.2 | 305 (1 g) | scalp | 3 | homogeneous |
[59] | 1.42 and 2.42 GHz | 91.4 | 140/240 | −29.4 −21.2 | 500 (1 g) 686 (1 g) | skin | 4 | homogeneous |
[60] | 2.45 | 2.11 | 152.8 | −24.5 | 233 (1 g) | muscle | 50 | homogeneous |
Current work | 2.45 | 6.5 | 520, 510, 656, 610, 664 | −24, −26, −25, −31, −30 | 715.7 712.2 788.7 758.2 771.39 | Skin, muscle, brain, liver, kidney | 2 9 11 29 29 | heterogeneous |
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Zaki, A.Z.A.; Hamad, E.K.I.; Abouelnaga, T.G.; Elsadek, H.A.; Khaleel, S.A.; Al-Gburi, A.J.A.; Zakaria, Z. Design and Modeling of Ultra-Compact Wideband Implantable Antenna for Wireless ISM Band. Bioengineering 2023, 10, 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020216
Zaki AZA, Hamad EKI, Abouelnaga TG, Elsadek HA, Khaleel SA, Al-Gburi AJA, Zakaria Z. Design and Modeling of Ultra-Compact Wideband Implantable Antenna for Wireless ISM Band. Bioengineering. 2023; 10(2):216. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020216
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaki, Ahmed Z. A., Ehab K. I. Hamad, Tamer Gaber Abouelnaga, Hala A. Elsadek, Sherif A. Khaleel, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi, and Zahriladha Zakaria. 2023. "Design and Modeling of Ultra-Compact Wideband Implantable Antenna for Wireless ISM Band" Bioengineering 10, no. 2: 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020216