Hydroclimatological Patterns and Limnological Characteristics of Unique Wetland Systems on the Argentine High Andean Plateau
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Physical-Chemical Sampling and Laboratory Analyses
2.3. Hydroclimate Characterization
2.4. Biological Sampling and Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Physical-Chemical and Hydroclimate Characterization
3.2. Biological Communities’ Characterization
4. Discussion
4.1. Geological, Hydrological, and Climatological Features
4.2. Biological Communities’ Characterization
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wetlands | Type | Elev (m.a.s.l) | Area (ha) | Temp (°C) | pH | WL (cm) | SD (cm) | Cond (mS cm−1) | DIN (µg L−1) | Silica (mg L−1) | SRP (µg L−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aguas Dulces | Saline | 3325 | 543 | 26.2 | 7.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 25.6 | ND | ND | ND |
Alumbrera | Fresh | 3320 | 24 | 19.8 | 9.7 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 227.5 | 40.7 | 77.0 |
Antofagasta | Fresh | 3320 | 37.5 | 22.9 | 9.5 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 159.9 | 37.7 | 32.7 |
Los Aparejos | Saline | 4220 | 95 | 10.7 | 9.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 74.0 | 146.8 | 29.5 | 70.1 |
Archibarca | Saline | 4030 | 49.8 | 16.1 | 8.6 | 16.0 | 5.3 | 50.0 | 83.5 | 62.5 | 1962.8 |
Azul | Brackish | 4450 | 66 | 7.8 | 9.5 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 3.9 | 156.4 | 10.2 | 44.1 |
Cabi | Saline | 4220 | 67 | 23.5 | 9.5 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 51.5 | ND | ND | ND |
Carachi Pampa | Saline | 3000 | 334 | 24.0 | 8.6 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 100.0 | 675.6 | 31.7 | 216.5 |
Caro | Saline | 3990 | 511 | 19.8 | 8.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 73.8 | ND | ND | ND |
Cortaderas | Fresh | 3900 | 51.01 | 22.5 | 8.7 | 18.8 | 18.8 | 1.3 | 53.6 | 70.3 | 142.0 |
Grande | Saline | 4240 | 357 | 15.3 | 9.8 | 5.2 | 3.0 | 17.5 | 578.5 | 96.5 | 187.1 |
Hedionda | Saline | 4280 | 20 | 25.1 | 9.8 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 38.6 | 370.3 | 206.7 | 3580.7 |
Negra | Saline | 4090 | 1106 | 21.4 | 8.3 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 30.5 | 216.6 | 53.3 | 46.1 |
El Peinado | Saline | 3750 | 241 | 17.0 | 9.0 | 28.2 | 5.0 | 67.3 | ND | ND | ND |
Las Peñas | Brackish | 4255 | 53 | 12.4 | 9.0 | 6.9 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 1135.9 | 61.5 | 697.1 |
Purulla | Saline | 3805 | 487.4 | 22.8 | 9.0 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 32.5 | 144.7 | 39.3 | 97.7 |
San Francisco | Brackish | 4000 | 1066 | 12.0 | 8.2 | 12.9 | 11.5 | 6.8 | 57.9 | 73.7 | 966.8 |
Tres Quebradas | Saline | 4090 | ND | 15.4 | ND | 6.0 | 6.0 | 108.6 | ND | ND | ND |
Las Tunas | Saline | 4250 | 42 | 19.0 | 9.5 | ND | ND | 52.9 | 327.7 | ND | 51.9 |
Verde | Saline | 4090 | 1077 | 17.2 | ND | 15 | 15 | 101.2 | ND | ND | ND |
Wetland | Basin/Watershed | Elevation (m.a.s.l) | Catchment-Wide Hydroclimate for 1985–1999 and 2000–2020 Periods | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precipitation Change | NDVI | Air Temp. Change (°C) *2 | |||
Archibarca | Archibarca Basin | 4030 | −22% | −15% | +0.65 |
Caro | Caro Basin | 3990 | −13% | −10% | +0.65 |
Diamante | Diamante Basin | 4570 | −9% | +14% | +0.60 |
Alumbrera | Antofasta/Alumbrera Watershed | 3320 | −12% | −12% | +0.60 |
Antofagasta | Antofasta/Alumbrera Watershed | 3320 | −12% | −15% | +0.60 |
Hedionda | Grande Basin | 4280 | −10% | −31% | +0.60 |
Las Peñas | Grande Basin | 4255 | −10% | +8% | +0.60 |
Grande | Grande Basin | 4240 | −10% | −15% | +0.60 |
Cabi | Grande Basin | 4220 | −10% | −20% | +0.60 |
Carachi Pampa | Carachi Pampa Basin *1 | 3000 | −13% | −12% | +0.55 |
Purulla | Purulla Basin | 3805 | −19% | +6% | +0.50 |
Aguas Dulces | Aguas Dulces Watershed | 3325 | −22% | −17% | +0.45 |
El Peinado | El Peinado Basin | 3750 | −21% | +25% | +0.50 |
San Francisco | San Fransisco Basin | 4000 | −18% | −16% | +0.55 |
Cortaderas | Cortaderas Vega Watershed | 3900 | −19% | +6% | +0.55 |
Tres Quebradas | Tres Quebradas Basin | 4090 | −14% | +45% | +0.50 |
Verde | Tres Quebradas Basin | 4090 | −14% | +6% | +0.50 |
Negra | Tres Quebradas Basin | 4090 | −14% | +53% | +0.50 |
Azul | Azul Watershed | 4450 | −13% | +49% | +0.50 |
Los Aparejos | Los Aparejos Basin | 4220 | −13% | −6% | +0.50 |
Las Tunas | Los Aparejos Basin | 4250 | −13% | +12% | +0.50 |
Wetland | P. andinus | P. jamesi | P. chilensis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | %VC | Mean | %VC | Mean | %VC | |
Aguas Dulces | 52 | 63 | 1 | 100 | 14 | 50 |
Alumbrera | 16 | 100 | 1 | 200 | 50 | 126 |
Antofagasta | 9 | 144 | 1 | 200 | 77 | 222 |
Archibarca | 248 | 37 | 83 | 128 | 52 | 92 |
Azul | 6 | 167 | 2 | 150 | 5 | 100 |
Cabi | 13 | 146 | 58 | 124 | 2 | 150 |
Carachi Pampa | 91 | 25 | 31 | 71 | 10 | 120 |
Caro | 62 | 84 | 42 | 138 | 17 | 47 |
Cortaderas | 13 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 150 |
Diamante | 158 | 47 | 163 | 142 | 65 | 63 |
Grande | 161 | 88 | 14,988 | 18 | 19 | 126 |
Hedionda | 37 | 65 | 277 | 48 | 12 | 167 |
Las Peñas | 104 | 82 | 260 | 115 | 215 | 85 |
Las Tunas | 69 | 113 | 131 | 109 | 12 | 108 |
Los Aparejos | 96 | 77 | 376 | 69 | 23 | 148 |
Negra | 182 | 49 | 12 | 83 | 4 | 100 |
El Peinado | 179 | 26 | 4 | 200 | 84 | 63 |
Purulla | 555 | 86 | 97 | 119 | 9 | 89 |
San Francisco | 365 | 76 | 49 | 147 | 27 | 104 |
Tres Quebradas | 8 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Verde | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
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Frau, D.; Moran, B.J.; Arengo, F.; Marconi, P.; Battauz, Y.; Mora, C.; Manzo, R.; Mayora, G.; Boutt, D.F. Hydroclimatological Patterns and Limnological Characteristics of Unique Wetland Systems on the Argentine High Andean Plateau. Hydrology 2021, 8, 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040164
Frau D, Moran BJ, Arengo F, Marconi P, Battauz Y, Mora C, Manzo R, Mayora G, Boutt DF. Hydroclimatological Patterns and Limnological Characteristics of Unique Wetland Systems on the Argentine High Andean Plateau. Hydrology. 2021; 8(4):164. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040164
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrau, Diego, Brendan J. Moran, Felicity Arengo, Patricia Marconi, Yamila Battauz, Celeste Mora, Ramiro Manzo, Gisela Mayora, and David F. Boutt. 2021. "Hydroclimatological Patterns and Limnological Characteristics of Unique Wetland Systems on the Argentine High Andean Plateau" Hydrology 8, no. 4: 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040164