Net Snowpack Accumulation and Ablation Characteristics in the Inland Temperate Rainforest of the Upper Fraser River Basin, Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Data and Methods
Station Name | Station I.D. | Latitude (°N) | Longitude (°W) | Elevation (m a.s.l.) | Mean Annual Peak SWE (mm) | Years of Data Availability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barkerville | 1A03P | 53.05 | 121.48 | 1483 | 391.3 | 1968–20121 |
Dome Mountain | 1A19P | 53.62 | 121.02 | 1768 | 893.4 | 2005–2012 |
Hedrick Lake | 1A14P | 54.10 | 121.00 | 1118 | 924.4 | 1999–2012 |
McBride (Upper) | 1A02P | 53.30 | 120.32 | 1608 | 562.6 | 1971–20122 |
Revolution Creek | 1A17P | 53.78 | 120.37 | 1676 | 882.6 | 1984–2012 |
Yanks Peak East | 1C41P | 52.82 | 121.35 | 1683 | 900.5 | 1996–2012 |
Yellowhead | 1A01P | 52.90 | 118.53 | 1847 | 582.2 | 1997–2012 |
4. Results
Variable Mean and [SD] (Units) | Barkerville | Dome Mtn. | Hedrick Lake | McBride (Upper) | Revolution Creek | Yanks Peak East | Yellowhead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual Maximum SWE (mm) | 391.3 | 893.4 | 924.4 | 562.6 | 882.9 | 900.5 | 582.2 |
[79.7] | [219.7] | [205.8] | [122.5] | [247.1] | [172.9] | [132.6] | |
Annual Day of Year of Maximum SWE (mm) | 105.8 | 131.7 | 117.4 | 115.9 | 110.0 | 121.0 | 115.7 |
(16 Apr) | (12 May) | (27 Apr) | (26 Apr) | (20 Apr) | (1 May) | (25 Apr) | |
[10.9] | [5.1] | [12.0] | [7.0] | [14.2] | [14.0] | [16.6] | |
April 1 Annual SWE (mm) | 363.9 | 782.1 | 851.7 | 509.0 | 829.8 | 808.1 | 507.7 |
[75.8] | [208.5] | [213.7] | [110.8] | [234.6] | [144.4] | [183.5] | |
Snow Onset Day | 309.2 | 290.6 | 305.8 | 302.7 | 285.3 | 289.3 | 288.3 |
(5 Nov) | (18 Oct) | (2 Nov) | (30 Oct) | (12 Oct) | (16 Oct) | (15 Oct) | |
[13.1] | [10.0] | [13.6] | [11.6] | [16.0] | [11.0] | [9.1] | |
Snow Offset Day | 150.4 | 183.9 | 163.0 | 163.0 | 173.7 | 170.9 | 165.4 |
(30 May) | (3 Jul) | (12 Jun) | (12 Jun) | (23 Jun) | (21 Jun) | (14 Jun) | |
[9.7] | [9.4] | [9.0] | [6.8] | [13.2] | [15.1] | [27.1] | |
Duration of Snow Cover (days) | 206.4 | 258.4 | 222.4 | 225.5 | 253.6 | 246.8 | 242.3 |
[16.8] | [9.2] | [17.7] | [14.3] | [20.1] | [17.3] | [28.5] | |
Net Accumulation Period (days) | 161.9 | 206.3 | 176.8 | 178.4 | 189.9 | 196.9 | 192.7 |
[19.2] | [12.3] | [18.8] | [14.3] | [22.6] | [21.1] | [21.0] | |
Net Ablation Period | 44.6 | 52.1 | 45.6 | 47.1 | 63.7 | 49.9 | 49.7 |
(days) | [11.9] | [11.1] | [15.4] | [9.3] | [13.1] | [9.8] | [19.0] |
Ablation Rate | 8.8 | 16.7 | 21.7 | 12.0 | 13.8 | 18.3 | 16.9 |
(mm∙day−1) | [2.5] | [2.4] | [7.2] | [3.7] | [3.6] | [4.5] | [20.6] |
Degree Day Factor | 2.2 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 5.2 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 1.4 |
(mm∙day−1∙°C−1) | [1.3] | [0.2] | [1.3] | [8.4] | [2.0] | [0.5] | [0.6] |
Station Name | Barkerville | Dome Mountain | Hedrick Lake | McBride (Upper) | Revolution Creek | Yanks Peak East | Yellowhead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barkerville | 0.85 | 0.92 | 0.59 | 0.71 | 0.93 | 0.75 | |
Dome Mountain | n = 6 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.82 | 0.73 | |
Hedrick Lake | n = 12 | n = 7 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.64 | |
McBride (Upper) | n = 12 | n = 6 | n = 6 | 0.94 | 0.52 | 0.84 | |
Revolution Creek | n = 15 | n = 7 | n = 13 | n = 6 | 0.77 | 0.73 | |
Yanks Peak East | n = 15 | n = 7 | n = 13 | n = 6 | n = 16 | 0.56 | |
Yellowhead | n = 14 | n = 7 | n = 13 | n = 6 | n = 15 | n = 15 |
Variable Mean and [SD] (Units) | Barkerville | Dome Mtn. | Hedrick Lake | McBride (Upper) | Revolution Creek | Yanks Peak East | Yellowhead |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual Air Temperature (°C) | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.8 | -0.1 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 0.8 |
[1.0] | [0.7] | [0.6] | [1.3] | [0.9] | [0.7] | [0.7] | |
Date with Air Temperature <0°C | 290.5 | 274.9 | 293.6 | 282.6 | 284.0 | 285.4 | 281.7 |
(17 Oct) | (2 Oct) | (21 Oct) | (10 Oct) | (11 Oct) | (12 Oct) | (9 Oct) | |
[10.7] | [6.0] | [10.7] | [6.7] | [9.6] | [8.4] | [7.0] | |
Date with Air Temperature >0°C | 108.2 | 130.7 | 111.5 | 127.0 | 117.4 | 115.3 | 115.7 |
(19 Apr) | (11 May) | (22 Apr) | (7 May) | (27 Apr) | (25 Apr) | (25 Apr) | |
[12.5] | [6.7] | [11.2] | [19.3] | [12.9] | [10.3] | [10.6] | |
Duration of Air Temperature <0°C | 182.9 | 221.0 | 183.1 | 209.6 | 198.7 | 195.1 | 199.3 |
[20.3] | [9.6] | [18.1] | [22.8] | [16.0] | [14.8] | [13.4] | |
Air Temperature During Net Accumulation Period (°C) | −5.3 | −5.4 | −4.9 | −7.4 | −4.9 | −4.2 | −5.8 |
[1.4] | [1.1] | [1.2] | [1.8] | [1.3] | [0.9] | [1.4] | |
Air Temperature During Net Ablation Period (°C) | 4.6 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 7.2 | 6.1 |
[1.4] | [0.5] | [1.0] | [2.2] | [2.4] | [1.1] | [3.2] |
5. Discussion
5.1. Analysis and Synthesis of Results
5.2. Comparison with Other Studies
5.3. Study Limitations
5.4. Possible Implications to the ITR
5.5. Climate Change and Prospects for the Future
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author contributions
Conflict of Interest
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Déry, S.J.; Knudsvig, H.K.; Hernández-Henríquez, M.A.; Coxson, D.S. Net Snowpack Accumulation and Ablation Characteristics in the Inland Temperate Rainforest of the Upper Fraser River Basin, Canada. Hydrology 2014, 1, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology1010001
Déry SJ, Knudsvig HK, Hernández-Henríquez MA, Coxson DS. Net Snowpack Accumulation and Ablation Characteristics in the Inland Temperate Rainforest of the Upper Fraser River Basin, Canada. Hydrology. 2014; 1(1):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology1010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleDéry, Stephen J., Heidi K. Knudsvig, Marco A. Hernández-Henríquez, and Darwyn S. Coxson. 2014. "Net Snowpack Accumulation and Ablation Characteristics in the Inland Temperate Rainforest of the Upper Fraser River Basin, Canada" Hydrology 1, no. 1: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology1010001