Inkjet Printing with (Semi)conductive Conjugated Polymers: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of Inkjet Printing
2.1. Principles
2.2. Requirements for Inks
2.3. Patterning Parameters
2.4. Printing Equipment
2.5. Substrates
3. Materials for Printing
3.1. Synthetic Approaches
3.2. Polythiophenes
3.3. Polyanilines
3.4. Alkene-Based Polymers
3.5. Donor–Acceptor Polymers
3.6. Miscellaneous Polymers
4. Applications
4.1. Semiconductor Devices
4.2. Circuits
4.3. Displays and Indicating Devices
4.4. Photovoltaics
4.5. Sensors
4.6. Miscellaneous
5. Outlook and Challenges
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Polymer | Electrical Conductivity | p/n | Polymerization Method | Form 1 | Applications 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEDOT:PSS | High/medium | p | Oxidative | AqD | WC, LE, PV, SA, ES |
PANI | High/medium | p | Oxidative | AqD, OS | WC, LE, PV, SA |
PPy | High/medium | p | Oxidative | AqD | WC, SA |
P3HT/P3OT | Medium | p | Cross-coupling Oxidative | OS | SC, PV, LE |
PVVs | Low | p | HWE Cross-coupling | OS, AqS | SC, LE |
DA polymers | Medium/low | p/n | Cross-coupling | OS | SC, PV, LE, SA |
Polyfluorenes | Medium/low | p | Cross-coupling | OS | SC, LE, PV |
Channel 1 | Gate | Insulator 2 | Source/ Drain | Substrate 3 | µ, cm2 V−1 s−1 | Ion/Ioff | Configuration 4 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P3OT | Si+Al-RS | SiO2 | Au | Si | 2 × 10−3 | 2 × 104 | BG | [122] |
F8T2 | Ag PEDOT:PSS | PVP | PEDOT:PSS | Glass | 2 × 10−2 | 105 | TG | [123] |
PPy | PEDOT:PSS | K60 | PEDOT:PSS | SiO2 | 10−1 | 3 × 103 | BG | [124] |
F8T2 | PEDOT:PSS | PVP | PEDOT:PSS | SiO2 | 10−3 | 104 | TG | [125] |
P3HT | PEDOT:PSS | PVP | Ag | PE | - | 102 | TG | [126] |
TIPS | ITO | Al2O3 | PEDOT:PSS | Glass | 3 × 10−1 | 105 | BG | [127] |
P3HT | Doped Si | SiO2 | Au/Ti | Si | 6 × 10−3 | 106 | BG | [117] |
pBTTT | Doped Si | SiO2 | Au | Si | 10−1 | 107 | BG | [61] |
P3HT/C | Au | SiO2 | Au | Si | 6 × 10−3 | 104 | BG | [128] |
PQT12 P3HT F8T2 | Al | PMMA PVP | Au/Ni | Glass | 8 × 10−2 | 5 × 103 | TG | [129] |
TIPS | PEDOT:PSS | PMMA | PEDOT:PSS | - | 10−1 | 102 | BG | [130] |
PHTBTz-C8 | Mo | SiO2 | Au | SiO2 | 2.5 × 10−1 | 107 | BG | [86] |
TIPS/triarylamine | Cu | CYTOP | PEDOT:PSS | PET | 2 × 10−1 | 3 × 102 | TG | [131] |
P3HT PC12TV12F P(NDI2OD-T2) PTVPhI-Eh F8BT PDTTDPP DPPT-TT | Al | PMMA P(VDF-TrFE) | Au/Ni | PEN | 2.3 | 105 | TG | [132] |
P(NDI2OD-T2) | Al | PMMA | Au/Cr | Glass | 6.4 | 107 | TG | [133] |
PQTBTz-C12 PQTBTz-C12/PS | - | SiO2 | Au/Ti | Si | 4.6 × 10−2 | - | BG | [134] |
PDVT-8/PS | Doped Si | SiO2 | Au | Si | 5.8 × 10−1 | 2 × 103 | BG | [135] |
DPPT-TT P(NDI2OD-T2) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [136] |
PDVT-8/PS | Doped Si | SiO2 | Au | Si | 1.5 | 105 | BG | [137] |
P(NDI2OD-T2) | PEDOT:PSS | PMMA | Ag | Glass | 9 × 10−1 | - | TG | [138] |
TIPS | Ag | PVP | PEDOT:PSS | PEN | 1 | 3 × 103 | BG | [139] |
P3DT/CNT | PEDOT:PSS | PMMA | Au/Cr | Glass | 15 | 107 | TG | [140] |
TIPS | Ag | Parylene C | PEDOT:PSS | PI | 4 × 10−1 | 105 | BG | [141] |
P(NDI2OD-T2) IDTBT | Al | PMMA/ Parylene C | Au/Ni | Glass | 5 × 10−1 | - | TG | [95] |
P(NDI2OD-T2) | PEDOT:PSS | PMMA | PEDOT:PSS | PEN | 2.5 × 10−1 | 104 | TG | [142] |
P12CPDTBT/ CNT | Al | PMMA | Au/Cr | Glass | 20 | 107 | TG | [92] |
DPPT-TT | PEDOT:PSS | PS | Ag | Glass PEN | 1.6 | 103 | TG | [118] |
P(8T2Z-co-6T2Z)-12 | Mo | SiO2 | Au | Glass | 2 × 10−1 | 107 | BG | [143] |
P(NDI2OD-T2) | PEDOT:PSS | Parylene C | PEDOT:PSS | Master-Bi | 10−2 | 105 | TG | [144] |
Channel 1 | Gate | Insulator | Source/ Drain | Substrate | µ, cm2 V−1 s−1 | Ion/Ioff | Configuration | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P3HT F8T2 | Doped Si | SiO2 | Au/Cr | Si | 10−1 | 106 | BG | [20] |
P3HT F8T2 poly(vinylenethiophene) | PEDOT:PSS | PVP | PEDOT:PSS | Glass | 2 × 10−3 | 105 | TG | [76] |
p3HT | Doped Si | SiO2 | PEDOT:PSS | Si | 1.2 × 10−2 | 2.9 × 103 | BG | [146] |
p3HT | Doped Si | SiO2 | PEDOT:PSS | Si | 6 × 10−3 | 103 | BG | [147] |
F8T2 | Al PEDOT:PSS | PMMA | PEDOT:PSS ITO | Glass ITO | 4.5 × 10−3 | 104 | BG TG | [148] |
P3HT | ITO | SiO2 | ITO | ITO | 2.3 × 10−3 | 105 | BG | [149] |
PQT12 | Doped Si | SiO2 | Ag/ PEDOT:PSS | Si | 2.5 × 10−2 | 2 × 107 | BG | [150] |
PQT12/CNT | Doped Si | SiO2 | Au/Cr | Si | 2.3 × 10−1 | 106 | BG | [59] |
P(NDI2OD-T2) | Au | Cytop PS PMMA PTBS | Au | PET Glass | 8.5 × 10−1 | 106 | TG | [151] |
TIPS | PEDOT:PSS | PVP | PEDOT:PSS | - | 1.3 × 10−1 | 5.6 × 106 | TG BG | [152] |
TIPS N1400 | PEDOT:PSS | Parylene C | PEDOT:PSS | PET | 7.8 × 10−3 | 104 | BG | [153] |
F8T2 | PEDOT:PSS | PVP | PEDOT:PSS | PI | 2 × 10−2 | 105 | TG | [154] |
P3HT | Doped Si | SiO2 | Au | Si | 8.1 × 10−3 | 103 | BG | [155] |
pBTTT | Ag | PVP | Ag | PVP on paper | 10−1 | 3.2 × 104 | BG | [156] |
TAA | Ag | PVP | Ag | PEN | 10−1 | 5 × 101 | BG | [157] |
P3HT | Doped Si | SiO2 | Au | Si | 6 × 10−2 | 103 | BG | [158] |
CNT | PEDOT:PSS | PVP | PEDOT:PSS | PEN | 7 | 105 | BG | [159] |
pBTCT | PEDOT:PSS | - | Ag | Glass | 2.5 × 10−3 | 1.8 × 102 | TG | [160] |
PQT-12 | Doped Si | SiO2 | Ag | Si | 10−1 | 106 | BG | [161] |
CNT/P3HT | PEDOT:PSS | PVP | PEDOT:PSS | PI | 5.3 × 10−2 | 104 | BG | [162] |
P3HT | PEDOT:PSS | PVP P(VDF-HPF) | PEDOT:PSS | PI | 5 × 10−3 | 5.9 × 106 | BG | [163] |
PDVT-8 | Mo | Al2O3 | Au/Mo | PI | 2.4 | 106 | BG | [164] |
PDVT-8 | Doped Si | PVP/ Al2O3 SiO2 | Au | Si | 6.5 × 10−1 | 1.6 × 104 | BG | [165] |
P3HT PQT-12 P(8T2Z-co-6T2Z)-12 | Mo | SiO2 | Au | Glass | 10 | - | BG | [166] |
P(NDI2OD-T2) | Al | Cytop Al2O3 | Au | Glass | 10−1 | - | TG | [167] |
Type 1 | Channel | Gate | Source/Drain | Gain | Substrate 2 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EGT | - | PEDOT:PSS | - | - | Glass | [202] |
FET | pBTTT | - | - | 16 | Si | [61] |
EGT | - | PEDOT:PSS | - | - | ITO | [203] |
EGT | - | PEDOT:PSS | - | 9.6 | ITO | [204] |
FET | PDBD PDBD-Se | - | - | 80 | PET | [89] |
FET | P(NDI2OD-T2) DPPT-TT | - | - | 28 | Plastic | [205] |
FET | P(NDI2OD-T2) | - | - | 22.8 | Glass | [206] |
FET | P(NDI2OD-T2) DPPT-TT | PEDOT:PSS | PEDOT:PSS | 17 | PEN | [207] |
FET | P(NDI2OD-T2) PC12TV12T | - | - | 25 | PEN | [208] |
TFT | F8T2 | PEDOT:PSS | PEDOT:PSS | 7 | Glass | [181] |
FET | P3HT P2100 P(NDI2OD-T2) | - | - | 30 | PEN Glass | [209] |
TFT | PQT | - | - | 6.6 | Glass | [210] |
TFT | P(NDI2OD-T2) PQT12 | PEDOT:PSS | - | 6.2 | Glass | [211] |
FET | P(NDI2OD-T2) PC12TV12T | - | - | 25 | Glass | [212] |
FET | P(NDI2OD-T2) P3HT P3Se P5Se | - | - | 10 | Glass | [62] |
FET | PDBTAZ | - | - | 20 | Glass | [90] |
TFT | PHTBTz-C8 | - | - | 35 | PET | [213] |
TFT | - | PEDOT:PSS | PEDOT:PSS | 7.2 | PE | [214] |
FET | P(NDI2OD-T2) 29-DPP-TVT | PEDOT:PSS | - | 17 | PEN | [215] |
FET | P(NDI2OD-T2) DPPT-TT | PEDOT:PSS | PEDOT:PSS | 21 | Glass | [216] |
EGT | - | PEDOT:PSS | - | 3.5 | PI | [217] |
TFT | DPPDTT P3HT | - | - | - | PEN | [218] |
EGT | - | PEDOT:PSS | - | 329 | Glass | [219] |
Type 1 | Printed | IJP Materials | NOT | AND | OR | NOR | XOR | NAND | Gain | Substrate | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EGT | G | PEDOT:PSS | + | + | + | - | Glass | [202] | |||
FET | SC | pBTTT | + | 16 | Si | [61] | |||||
EGT | G | PEDOT:PSS | + | + | + | + | + | - | ITO | [203] | |
EGT | G | PEDOT:PSS | + | + | + | 9.6 | ITO | [204] | |||
FET | SC | PDBD PDBD-Se | + | + | 80 | PET | [89] | ||||
FET | SC | P(NDI2OD-T2) DPPT-TT | + | + | 28 | Plastic | [205] | ||||
FET | SC | P(NDI2OD-T2) | + | + | 22.8 | Glass | [206] | ||||
FET | S/D, G; SC | PEDOT:PSS; P(NDI2OD-T2) DPPT-TT | + | 17 | PEN | [207] | |||||
FET | SC | P(NDI2OD-T2) PC12TV12T | + | + | + | + | 25 | PEN | [208] | ||
TFT | S/D, G; SC | PEDOT:PSS; P3HT | + | + | 7 | PEN | [145] | ||||
FET | G | PEDOT:PSS | + | + | + | 14 | Glass | [220] | |||
FET | S/D, G | PEDOT:PSS | + | + | + | + | + | 14 | Paper | [221] | |
FET | SC | P(NDI2OD-T2) | + | + | + | - | Glass | [200] |
Hole Transport Layer | Active Layer | PCE 1, % | OCV 2, V | SCC 3, mA cm−2 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEDOT:PSS | P3HT:PCBM | 2.28 | 0.61 | 6.92 | [260] |
0.08 | 0.31 | 0.82 | [259] | ||
3.71 | 0.63 | 10.7 | [261] | ||
2.25 | 0.57 | 9.49 | [262] | ||
1 | 0.56 | 6.8 | [263] | ||
0.18 | 0.48 | 0.33 | [264] | ||
2.28 | 0.61 | 6.92 | [260] | ||
0.08 | 0.31 | 0.82 | [259] | ||
[265,266] | |||||
PEDOT:PSS | P3HT:PCBM | 3 | 0.45 | 4.7 | [267] |
1.4 | 0.66 | 4.67 | [268] | ||
4.05 | 0.58 | 11.2 | [269] | ||
3.5 | 0.54 | 10.1 | [270] | ||
3.8 | 0.68 | 9.05 | [271] | ||
2.4 | 0.57 | 9.34 | [272] | ||
1.3 | 0.45 | 4.73 | [273] | ||
2.83 | 0.62 | 8.6 | [274] | ||
1.99 | 0.54 | 7.9 | [275] | ||
3.07 | 0.53 | 1212 | [276] | ||
2.6 | 0.53 | 7.6 | [277] | ||
2.2 | 0.6 | 8.3 | [278] | ||
0.6 | 0.46 | 3 | [279] | ||
3 | 0.45 | 4.7 | [267] | ||
1.4 | 0.66 | 4.67 | [268] | ||
[280] | |||||
PEDOT:PSS | P3HT:PCBM | 3.2 | 0.6 | 9.6 | [281] |
3.3 | 0.62 | 9.78 | [282] | ||
1.5 | 0.61 | 6.6 | [283] | ||
2.5 | 0.55 | 7.25 | [284] | ||
2.53 | 0.56 | 10.8 | [52] | ||
0.19 | 0.56 | 5.6 | [285] | ||
- | P3HT:PCBM | 0.35 | [286] | ||
3.2 | 0.6 | 9.8 | [287] | ||
PEDOT:PSS | PCPDTBT or PSBTBT: PCBM or bis-PCBM | 1.48 | 0.67 | 5.29 | [288] |
- | P3OT:PC71BM | 6.5 | [289] | ||
0.03 | 0.9 | 2.3 × 10−3 | [290] | ||
0.9 | 4.73 × 10−3 | [291] | |||
PEDOT:PSS | P3HT: PCBM or PC71BM | 2.22 | 0.61 | 9.49 | [292] |
PEDOT:PSS | PFDTBTP:PCBM | 3 | 0.83 | 6 | [293] |
- | NK-1952:PEDOT:PSS | 0.13 | 0.4 | [294] | |
PEDOT:PSS | PFDTBTP: PCBM or PC71BM | 3.5 | 0.9 | 6.71 | [295] |
PEDOT:PSS | PCPDTBTP:PCBM | 3.7 | 0.9 | 8.65 | [296] |
PEDOT:PSS | PCDTBT:PC71BM | 5.1 | 0.89 | 9.95 | [297] |
PEDOT:PSS | Si-PCPDTBT or PCPDTBT: PC71BM | 5.66 | 0.61 | 16.8 | [94] |
PEDOT:PSS | PV2000 | 7 | 0.78 | 13.4 | [298] |
PEDOT:PSS | PS:P3HT:PCBM | 2 | 0.51 | 7.38 | [299] |
PEDOT:PSS | P3HT:ICBA | 2.9 | 0.81 | 7.1 | [300] |
Poly-PT PEDOT:PSS | P3HT:PCBM | [301] | |||
Ag:PEDOT | P3HT:PCBM | 2.94 | 8.82 | [302] | |
PANI:PAMPSA | P3HT:PC71BM | 2.53 | 0.63 | 7.72 | [303] |
PEDOT:PSS | O-IDTBR or PV2000: PC71BM | 5 | [304] | ||
- | P3HT:O-IDTBR | 6.47 | 0.71 | 13.8 | [305] |
- | P3HT:ICBA | 4.7 | 0.83 | 9.57 | [306] |
PANI:PAMPSA | - | 10.6 | 0.94 | 18.4 | [307] |
PEDOT:PSS | PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F | 12.5 | 0.71 | 27 | [308] |
PEDOT:PSS | P3HT:O-IDTBR | 6.47 | 0.71 | 13.8 | [309] |
- | PM6:ITIC-4F | 10.8 | 0.88 | 19.9 | [310] |
PEDOT:PSS | - | 16.8 | 1.02 | 22 | [311] |
- | PBDB-T:ITIC or PBDB-T-2F: BTP-BO-4Cl | 13.6 | 0.83 | 23.9 | [312] |
Graphene/PEDOT:PSS | PTB7:PCBM | 1.12 | 0.65 | 3.16 | [313] |
Inkjet-Printed Polymer | Sensing Principle | Analyte 1 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
PANI | Electrochemical | Ascorbic acid | [314] |
PEDOT:PSS | Amperometric | H2O2 | [315] |
DPP-DTT | Transistor | DNA | [316] |
PANI | Amperometric | Biomolecules | [317,318] |
PANI | Electrochemical | Antioxidants | [319] |
PEDOT:PSS | Electrochemical | Salbutamol | [320] |
PEDOT:PSS | Resistive | CO2 | [321,322] |
PEDOT:PSS | Amperometric | Glucose | [323,324,325] |
PPy | Amperometric | Glucose | [326] |
PANI | Amperometric | Glucose | [327] |
PANI | Resistive | Glucose | [328] |
PEDOT:PSS | Transistor | Glucose | [329] |
PEDOT:PSS | Electrochemical | H2O2, NADH, Fe(III) | [330] |
PANI | Resistive | H2S | [331] |
PEDOT:PSS | Electrochemical | N2H4 | [332] |
PANI | Amperometric | NH3, amines | [333,334] |
PEDOT:PSS | CMOS | NH3 | [335] |
PANI | Impedancimetric | NH3 | [336,337,338] |
PANI | Resistive | NH3 | [68,339,340,341,342] |
PEDOT:PSS | Resistive | NH3 | [343,344,345,346,347] |
PANI | Impedancimetric | NH3(aq) | [348] |
PANI | Impedancimetric | NH3(aq) | [348] |
PANI | Potentiometric | pH | [69] |
PPy | Potentiometric | pH | [349] |
PEDOT:PSS | Transistor | pH, Na, K | [350,351] |
PEDOT:PSS | Chemical fuse | VOC | [352] |
Poly(vinylacetylene) | Indicator paper | VOC | [353] |
PPy | Resistive | VOC | [354] |
PEDOT:PSS | Resistive | VOC | [355,356,357,358] |
PEDOT:PSS | RFID | VOC | [359] |
P3HT | Transistor | VOC | [360] |
PEDOT:PSS | Transistor | VOC | [361] |
Inkjet-Printed Polymer | Sensing Principle | Measured Property | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
PEDOT:PSS | Resistive | Health monitoring | [365] |
PANI | Impedancimetric | Humidity | [65] |
PANI | Resistive | Humidity | [373,374] |
PEDOT:PSS | Resistive | Humidity | [364,375] |
PEDOT:PVMA | Resistive | Humidity | [376] |
PEDOT:PSS PANI | Resistive | Humidity | [377] |
PEDOT:PSS | Transistor | Humidity | [378] |
P3HT | Diode | Magnetic field | [379] |
PEDOT:PSS | Piezoelectric | Mechanical | [380] |
PEDOT:PSS | Capacitive | Pressure | [381] |
PEDOT:PSS | Resistive | Pressure | [362] |
PEDOT:PSS P3HT | Transistor | Pressure | [382] |
P3HT | Resistive | Strain | [383] |
PEDOT:PSS | Resistive | Strain | [384,385,386] |
P3HT:PC61BM | Transistor | Strain | [363] |
PEDOT:PSS | Resistive | Temperature | [366,387,388] |
Polydiacetylene | Thermochromic | Temperature | [389] |
PEDOT:PSS | Capacitive | Touch panel | [390,391] |
Polydopamine | Capacitive | Touch panel | [104] |
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Lukyanov, D.A.; Levin, O.V. Inkjet Printing with (Semi)conductive Conjugated Polymers: A Review. ChemEngineering 2024, 8, 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030053
Lukyanov DA, Levin OV. Inkjet Printing with (Semi)conductive Conjugated Polymers: A Review. ChemEngineering. 2024; 8(3):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030053
Chicago/Turabian StyleLukyanov, Daniil A., and Oleg V. Levin. 2024. "Inkjet Printing with (Semi)conductive Conjugated Polymers: A Review" ChemEngineering 8, no. 3: 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8030053