The Importance of Interfacial Tension in Emulsification: Connecting Scaling Relations Used in Large Scale Preparation with Microfluidic Measurement Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Emulsification Devices
3. Droplet Formation Mechanisms
3.1. Laminar Plain Shear Flow
3.2. Laminar Extensional Flow
3.3. Turbulent Flow
3.4. Comparison of Droplet Formation Times and Scaling Relations
4. Interfacial Tension Measurement
4.1. Classical Techniques
4.2. Dynamic Interfacial Tension Measurement with Microfluidic Devices
4.3. Y-Junction Used to Elucidate Interfacial Tension at (Sub)-Millisecond Time Scale
4.3.1. Droplet Formation Mechanism
4.3.2. Model Development
4.3.3. Model Validation
4.3.4. Application in Dynamic Systems
4.3.5. Toward Food Applications
4.3.6. Combination of Interfacial Tension and Coalescence in a Microfluidic Device
5. Comparison of Time Scales
6. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Homogenizer Types | Flow Regime | (Un)-Bounded Flow | Energy Density (Jm−3) | Relative Energy Efficiency | Droplet sizes Achieved | Viscosity | Typical Volumes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stirred tanks | TI, TV, LV | U | Low–High | Low | 2 µm and larger | low to medium | batches up to several m3 |
Colloid mill | LV (TV) | B | Low–High 103 to 108 | Inter-mediate | 1 to 5 µm | medium to high | 4 to 20,000 lh−1 |
Tooth disc disperser (e.g., Ultraturrax) | TV | B | Low–High 103 to 108 | Inter-mediate | 1–10 µm | low to medium | batches cm3 up to several m3 |
High-pressure homogenizer | TI, TV, (CI), LV | U | Medium–High 106 to 108 | High | 0.1 µm | low to medium | 100 to 20,000 lh−1 |
Ultrasonic probe | CI | U | Medium–High 106 to 108 | Low | 0.1 µm | low to medium | batches < 100 cm3 |
Ultrasonic jet | CI | U | Medium–High 106 to 108 | High | 1 µm | low to medium | 1 to 500,000 lh−1 |
Micro-fluidization | TI, TV | B/U | Medium–High 106 to 108 | High | <0.1 µm | low to medium | up to 12,000 lh−1 |
Membrane and Micro-channel | Injection STB | B | Low 103 | Exceptionally high | 0.3 µm—often larger | low to medium | batch or semi- continuous 10′s lh−1 |
Flow Regime | Laminar—Viscous Shear or Elongational (LV) | Turbulent–Viscous Shear Forces (TV) | Turbulent–Inertial Forces (TI) |
---|---|---|---|
Re—flow | <1000 | >approx. 2000 | >approx. 2000 |
Re-droplet | <1 | <1 | >1 * |
Mean Diameter () # | |||
External stress acting on droplets (σ) | |||
Droplet deformation time scale ( | |||
Duration of disruptive stresses ( | |||
Surfactant adsorption time scale ( | |||
Droplet collision time scale ( | - |
Reference | Method | Droplet Diameter (μm) | Time-Scale (ms) a |
---|---|---|---|
Steegmans et al. [61] | Size | 8–13 | 0.5–10 |
Wang et al. [62] | Size | 160–270 | 20–70 |
Xu et al. [63] | Size | 10–180 | 1–130 |
Wang et al. [64] | Pressure drop | 400–800 | 10–8000 |
Brosseau et al. [66] | Deformability | 90–120 | 10–2000 |
Sample | η (mPa∙s) | σow (mN/m) |
---|---|---|
Water | 0.98 | 44.0 |
9.0% ethanol | 1.42 | 31.6 |
28.0% ethanol | 2.52 | 16.0 |
20.0% glycerol | 1.78 | 41.1 |
30.0% glycerol | 2.52 | 36.7 |
20.0% sucrose | 2.07 | 42.7 |
25.0% sucrose | 2.42 | 42.0 |
Emulsification Device | Adsorption Time Range (s) |
---|---|
High-pressure homogenizer | 10−4–10−2 [45] |
Colloid mill | 10−1–100 [45] |
Direct membrane emulsification | 10−2 [46] |
Pre-mix membrane emulsification | 10−6–10−1 [28,31,33] |
Spontaneous microfluidic emulsification | 10−2–10−1 [92] |
Shear-based microfluidic emulsification | 10−4 [93] |
Y-junction | 10−4–10−2 [70,94] |
Coalescence channel | 10−2–10−1 [70] |
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Schroën, K.; de Ruiter, J.; Berton-Carabin, C. The Importance of Interfacial Tension in Emulsification: Connecting Scaling Relations Used in Large Scale Preparation with Microfluidic Measurement Methods. ChemEngineering 2020, 4, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4040063
Schroën K, de Ruiter J, Berton-Carabin C. The Importance of Interfacial Tension in Emulsification: Connecting Scaling Relations Used in Large Scale Preparation with Microfluidic Measurement Methods. ChemEngineering. 2020; 4(4):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4040063
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchroën, Karin, Jolet de Ruiter, and Claire Berton-Carabin. 2020. "The Importance of Interfacial Tension in Emulsification: Connecting Scaling Relations Used in Large Scale Preparation with Microfluidic Measurement Methods" ChemEngineering 4, no. 4: 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4040063