Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Constituents from the Essential Oil of Lippia alba (Verbenaceae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. General Experimental Procedures
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Essential Oil Extraction and Analysis
2.4. Cell Lines
2.5. In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity
2.6. Media, Antibiotics, and Growth Conditions
2.7. Microorganisms Strains
2.8. Disk Diffusion Assay
2.9. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from L. alba
3.2. Cytotoxic Activity
3.3. Antimicrobial Activity
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Designation |
---|---|
Yeast | |
Candida dubliniensis | ATCC 7978 |
Candida tropicalis | ATCC 13803 |
Candida glabrata | ATCC 90030 |
Candida parapsilosis | Clinical isolate 68 |
Candida krusei | Clinical isolate 9602 |
Candida albicans | CBMAI * 560 |
Cryptococcus grubii (A) | ATCC 208821 |
Cryptococcus gattii (B) | ATCC MYA-4563 |
Cryptococcus gattii (C) | ATCC MYA-4560 |
Cryptococcus neoformans (D) | ATCC MYA-4567 |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ATCC 201389 |
Bacteria | |
Escherichia coli | - |
Serratia marcescens | CBMAI * 469 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | CBMAI * 602 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | CBMAI * 604 |
Enterococcus faecalis | - |
Compound | IK | Relative Amount |
---|---|---|
α-pinene | 939 | 0.15 |
Sabinene | 976 | 0.41 |
6-methy-5-hepten-2-one | 985 | 11.98 |
α-phelandrene | 1005 | 3.25 |
α-terpinene | 1018 | 0.23 |
β-phelandrene | 1031 | 1.67 |
Z-β-ocimene | 1040 | 0.18 |
E-β-ocimene | 1050 | 2.70 |
γ-terpinene | 1062 | 0.03 |
cis-sabinene hydrate | 1068 | 0.04 |
Terpinolene | 1088 | 0.02 |
Linalol | 1098 | 2.14 |
cis-oxide rose | 1111 | 0.80 |
Dihydrolinalol | 1134 | 0.14 |
Citronelal | 1153 | 0.45 |
Borneol | 1165 | 0.33 |
α-terpineol | 1189 | 1.15 |
Citronelol | 1228 | 4.43 |
nerol/geraniol | 1252 | 27.09 |
citral (neral/geranial) | 1267 | 21.87 |
geranyl formate | 1300 | 1.48 |
Longicyclene | 1373 | 0.11 |
Longifolene | 1402 | 1.65 |
α-cedrene | 1409 | 0.62 |
E-caryophyllene | 1418 | 9.25 |
cis-thujopsene | 1429 | 0.12 |
α-humulene | 1454 | 0.82 |
allo-aromadendrene | 1461 | 0.25 |
α-acoradiene | 1463 | 0.04 |
Chamigrene | 1475 | 0.04 |
germacrene-D | 1480 | 1.67 |
Ar-curcumene | 1483 | 0.38 |
α-zingiberene | 1495 | 0.97 |
germacrene-A | 1503 | 0.98 |
β-bisabolene | 1509 | 0.20 |
Z-γ-bisabolene | 1515 | 0.18 |
epi-longipinanol | 1561 | 0.03 |
Longipinanol | 1566 | 1.53 |
(6R,7R)-bisabolone | 1737 | 0.07 |
Monoterpenes | 67.08 | |
Sesquiterpenes | 18.91 | |
Other compounds | 13.46 | |
Total | 99.45 |
Cell Line | IC50 (µg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Essential Oil | Cisplatin Paclitaxel | ||
B16F10Nex2 | 45.82 ± 4.16 | 52.8 ± 4.50 | - |
A549 | 63.98 ± 6.76 | - | 84.3 ± 6.83 |
MCF-7 | >100 | - | 171.5 ± 16.39 |
HUVEC | >100 | 42.6 ± 2.25 | - |
Species | Essential Oil | Positive Control |
---|---|---|
E. coli | 4.0 (98% ± 1%) | 0.01 a |
S. marcescens | 4.0 (42% ± 3%) | 0.01 a |
E. faecalis | 4.0 (64% ± 2%) | 0.02 a |
S. epidermidis | 4.0 (56% ± 2%) | 0.04 a |
C. albicans | 2.0 (99% ± 2%) | 0.025 b |
C. dubliniensis | 0.5 (93% ± 2%) | 0.006 b |
C. tropicalis | 2.0 (99% ± 1%) | 0.05 b |
C. glabrata | 2.0 (99% ± 1%) | 0.05 b |
C. parapsilosis | 2.0 (99% ± 1%) | 0.006 b |
C. krusei | 2.0 (99% ± 1%) | 0.05 b |
C. grubii (A) | 1.0 (99% ± 2%) | 0.013 b |
C. gattii (B) | 2.0 (97% ± 2%) | 0.025 b |
C. gattii (C) | 2.0 (98% ± 1%) | 0.006 b |
C. neoformans (D) | 1.0 (98% ± 2%) | 0.006 b |
S. cerevisiae | 2.0 (99% ± 1%) | 0.013 b |
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Santos, N.O.d.; Pascon, R.C.; Vallim, M.A.; Figueiredo, C.R.; Soares, M.G.; Lago, J.H.G.; Sartorelli, P. Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Constituents from the Essential Oil of Lippia alba (Verbenaceae). Medicines 2016, 3, 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3030022
Santos NOd, Pascon RC, Vallim MA, Figueiredo CR, Soares MG, Lago JHG, Sartorelli P. Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Constituents from the Essential Oil of Lippia alba (Verbenaceae). Medicines. 2016; 3(3):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3030022
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantos, Nara O. dos, Renata C. Pascon, Marcelo A. Vallim, Carlos R. Figueiredo, Marisi G. Soares, João Henrique G. Lago, and Patricia Sartorelli. 2016. "Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Constituents from the Essential Oil of Lippia alba (Verbenaceae)" Medicines 3, no. 3: 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3030022