Antileishmanial Potential of Tropical Rainforest Plant Extracts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Plant Materials and Reference Drugs
2.2. Parasite Cultures
2.3. Anti-Promastigote Assay
2.4. Cytotoxicity Assay
2.5. Selectivity Index
2.6. Anti-Amastigote Assay
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
Plant Name | Origin | Extract | Ref. | L. amazonensis promastigotesIC50 (μg/mL) | BALB/c Mouse macrophageCC50 (μg/mL) | Selectivity Index (CC50/IC50) | L. amazonensis amastigotes IC50 (μg/mL) | Selectivity Index (CC50/IC50) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acacia choriophylla Benth. | Abaco a | acetone bark | b | 63.4 ± 4.9 | > 200 | > 3 | 61.5 ± 4.6 | > 3 |
Acacia choriophylla Benth. | Abaco | CH2Cl2 bark | b | 74.1 ± 2.4 | 197.6 ± 1.4 | 3 | - | - |
Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl. | Monteverde c | acetone bark | [21] | > 200 | 36.8 ± 3.4 | - | - | - |
Acronychia acronychioides (F. Muell.) T. Hartley | Paluma d | EtOH bark | [20] | > 200 | 47.3 ± 7.6 | - | - | - |
Agathis atropurpurea B. Hyland | F. No. Qld. e | bark resin | [22] | < 12.5 | 118.4 ± 0.8 | > 9 | 19.3 ± 2.5 | 6 |
Albizia adinocephala (Donn. Sm.) Britton & Rose ex Record | Monteverde | acetone bark | b | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Alchornea latifolia Sw. | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Alloxylon flammeum P. Westpm & Crisp | F. No. Qld. | CHCl3/EtOH bark | [22] | > 200 | 55.5 ± 9.1 | - | - | - |
Alphitonia petriei Braid & C. White | Paluma | EtOH bark | [20] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Alzatea verticillata Ruiz & Pav. | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Apodytes brachystylis F. Muell. | Paluma | EtOH bark | [20] | < 12.5 | < 12.5 | 1 | - | - |
Archidendron vaillantii (F. Muell.) F. Muell. | Paluma | EtOH bark | [20] | 92.0 ± 8.1 | < 12.5 | 0 | - | - |
Ardisia compressa Kunth | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | > 200 | 146.2 ± 6.3 | - | - | |
Ardisia palmana Donn. Sm. | Monteverde | acetone bark | [21] | 143.7 ± 11.1 | 96.6 ± 2.6 | - | - | - |
Ardisia revoluta Kunth | Monteverde | acetone bark | [21] | > 200 | 70.5 ± 6.2 | - | - | - |
Ardisia revoluta Kunth | Monteverde | CH2Cl2 bark | [21] | 44.0 ± 2.9 | 49.2 ± 1.5 | 1 | - | - |
Ardisia solomonii Lundell | Monteverde | CH2Cl2 bark | b | > 200 | 26.3 ± 2.3 | - | - | - |
Ardisia solomonii Lundell | Monteverde | CH2Cl2 bark | b | 28.1 ± 2.0 | < 12.5 | - | - | - |
Balanops australiana F. Muell. | Paluma | EtOH bark | [20] | 49.0 ± 4.3 | < 12.5 | 0 | - | - |
Beilschmiedia sp. “choncho blanco” | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Bocconia frutescens L. | Monteverde | MeOH bark | [21] | > 200 | 168.0 ± 4.5 | - | - | - |
Bravaisia integerrima (Spreng.) Standley | Monteverde | CHCl3 bark | [21] | 76.6 ± 0.5 | 21.6 ± 5.0 | 0 | - | - |
Bridelia mollis Hutch. | Matabelelandf | MeOH bark | b | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth | Monteverde | acetone bark | b | > 200 | 66.2 ± 0.8 | - | - | - |
Cardwellia sublimis F. Muell. | Paluma | EtOH bark | [20] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Cavendishia bracteata (Ruiz & Pav. ex J. St.-Hil.) Hoerold | Monteverde | acetone bark | b | 38.4 ± 6.9 | 76.0 ± 5.6 | 2 | - | - |
Cestrum megalophyllum Dunal | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | > 200 | 28.6 ± 1.1 | - | - | - |
Chionanthus panamensis (Standl.) Stearn | Monteverde | acetone bark | [21] | > 200 | 78.2 ± 6.4 | - | - | - |
Conostegia xalapensis (Bonpl.) D. Don | Monteverde | MeOH bark | [21] | < 12.5 | > 200 | > 16 | < 12.5 | > 16 |
Conradina canescens A. Gray | Floridag | CH2Cl2 aerial parts | b | < 12.5 | 63.7 ± 5.0 | > 5 | 20.5 ± 5.0 | 3 |
Conradina canescens A. Gray | Florida | EtOH aerial parts | b | 33.6 ± 5.9 | 202.8 ± 6.8 | 6 | 30.6 ± 3.9 | 7 |
Cryptocarya corrugata C. White & Francis | Paluma | EtOH bark | [20] | > 200 | 88.7 ± 5.3 | - | - | - |
Cryptocarya densiflora Blume | Paluma | EtOH bark | [20] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Cupania glabra Sw. | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | 17.6 ± 5.3 | > 200 | > 11 | 27.0 ± 4.5 | > 7 |
Daphandra repandula (F. Muell.) F. Muell. | F. No. Qld. | CHCl3/EtOH bark | [22] | > 200 | < 12.5 | - | - | - |
Dendropanax gonatopus (Donn. Sm.) A.C. Sm. | Monteverde | MeOH leaf | [23] | > 200 | 72.4 ± 7.2 | - | - | - |
Diospyros digyna Jacq. | Monteverde | EtOH bark | b | 25.0 ± 2.9 | 152.9 ± 8.8 | 6 | 29.2 ± 1.2 | 5 |
Diospyrus sp. “fluted trunk” | Monteverde | EtOH bark | b | > 200 | 57.4 ± 3.5 | - | - | - |
Drymonia conchocalyx Hanst. | Monteverde | EtOH aerial parts | [21] | > 200 | 111.1 | - | - | - |
Drypetes lasiogyna F. Muell. | Paluma | EtOH bark | [20] | 47.6 ± 2.2 | 125.8 ± 8.2 | 3 | - | - |
Elaeodendron matabelicum Loes. | Matabeleland | MeOH bark | b | > 200 | 125.7 ± 9.0 | - | - | - |
Endiandra palmerstonii (F.M. Bailey) C.T. White & Francis | F. No. Qld. | CHCl3/EtOH bark | [22] | < 12.5 | > 200 | > 16 | 18.7 ± 3.7 | > 11 |
Erythrina lanceolata Standl. | Monteverde | CH2Cl2 bark | [21] | > 200 | 6.9 ± 1.2 | - | - | - |
Erythrina lanceolata Standl. | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | < 12.5 | 129.5 ± 3.4 | > 10 | 22.3 ± 3.4 | 6 |
Eugenia monteverdensis Barrie | Monteverde | acetone bark | b | 23.9 ± 2.8 | > 200 | > 8 | 20.7 ± 4.5 | > 10 |
Eugenia sp. “fine leaf” | Monteverde | acetone bark | [21] | < 12.5 | > 200 | > 16 | < 12.5 | > 16 |
Euphorbia elata Brandegee | Monteverde | MeOH bark | [21] | > 200 | 48.3 ± 3.6 | - | - | - |
Euphorbia elata Brandegee | Monteverde | acetone bark | [21] | > 200 | 21.6 ± 2.2 | - | - | - |
Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk. | Abaco | acetone bark | b | > 200 | 49.8 ± 1.8 | - | - | - |
Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk. | Abaco | MeOH bark | b | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk. | Monteverde | CHCl3 bark | b | < 12.5 | > 200 | > 16 | < 12.5 | > 16 |
Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Radlk. | Monteverde | MeOH bark | b | 33.2 ± 3.6 | 159.1 ± 7.5 | 5 | 32.3 ± 7.5 | 5 |
Forestiera carthaginense Donn. Sm. | Monteverde | CHCl3/EtOH bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Inga sierrae Britton & Killip | Monteverde | acetone bark | [21] | 25.7 ± 1.9 | 130.6 ± 2.5 | 5 | 29.9 ± 5.5 | 4 |
Lonchocarpus oliganthus F.J. Herm | Monteverde | acetone bark | [21] | 20.6 ± 2.6 | 29.8 ± 4.8 | 1 | - | - |
Lonchocarpus orotinus Pittier | Monteverde | acetone bark | b | > 200 | 176.8 ± 5.9 | - | - | - |
Macaranga subdentata Benth. | Paluma | CHCl3/EtOH leaf | [20] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Machaerium biovulatum Micheli | Monteverde | acetone bark | [21] | > 200 | 120.8 ± 4.5 | - | - | - |
Mallotus mollissimus (Geiseler) Airy Shaw | F. No. Qld. | CHCl3/EtOH bark | [22] | 20.9 ± 0.3 | > 200 | > 10 | 25.2 ± 1.0 | > 8 |
Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Muell. Arg. | F. No. Qld. | EtOH bark | [22] | < 12.5 | > 200 | > 16 | < 12.5 | > 16 |
Matelea pseudobarbata (Pittier) Woodson | Monteverde | EtOH aerial parts | [21] | < 12.5 | > 200 | > 16 | < 12.5 | > 16 |
Melicope broadbentiana Bailey | Paluma | CHCl3/EtOH bark | [20] | 23.7 ± 4.3 | 79.7 ± 0.3 | 3 | - | - |
Melicope jonesii T.G. Hartley | F. No. Qld. | CHCl3 bark | [22] | < 12.5 | 35.5 ± 8.6 | > 3 | 33.4 ± 5.0 | 1 |
Melicope rubra (Lauterb. & K. Schum) T.G. Hartley | F. No. Qld. | EtOH bark | [22] | < 12.5 | 29.6 ± 0.4 | > 2 | 22.0 ± 2.0 | 1 |
Melicope vitiflora (F. Muell.) T. Hartley | Paluma | EtOH bark | [20] | > 200 | 62.6 ± 3.6 | - | - | - |
Mucuna urens (L.) DC. | Monteverde | MeOH bark | [21] | > 200 | 63.6 ± 4.2 | - | - | - |
Myrcianthes sp. “black fruit” | Monteverde | CHCl3 bark | [21] | < 12.5 | 48.8 ± 2.0 | > 4 | 18.3 ± 4.4 | 3 |
Neea psychotrioides Donn. Sm. | Monteverde | CHCl3 bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Neolitsea dealbata (R. Br.) Merr. | Paluma | EtOH bark | [20] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Ocotea sp. “los llanos” | Monteverde | acetone bark | b | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Octea meziana C.K. Allen | Monteverde | acetone bark | [21] | > 200 | 132.1 ± 6.8 | - | - | - |
Ormosia cruenta Rudd | Monteverde | acetone bark | [21] | > 200 | 198.5 ± 2.1 | - | - | - |
Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. | Matabeleland | MeOH bark | b | < 12.5 | 55.6 ± 7.4 | > 4 | < 12.5 | > 4 |
Phoradendron cf. Flavens (Sw) Griseb. | Monteverde | CH2Cl2/EtOH aerial parts | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Phoradendron robustissimum Eichler | Monteverde | CH2Cl2/EtOH aerial parts | [21] | 44.1 ± 4.9 | 166.4 | 4 | - | - |
Phoradendron robustissimum Eichler | Monteverde | CH2Cl2/EtOH flowers | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Piper aequale Vahl | Monteverde | acetone leaf | [21] | 81.1 ± 1.4 | 35.9 ± 7.6 | 0 | - | - |
Polyosma alangiacea F. muell. | F. No. Qld. | CHCl3 bark | [22] | 60.9 ± 8.9 | > 200 | > 3 | 46.2 ± 3.7 | > 4 |
Psychotria parvifolia Benth. | Monteverde | acetone bark | b | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Quercus insignis M. Martens & Galeotti | Monteverde | CH2Cl2 bark | [21] | > 200 | 161.4 ± 6.3 | - | - | - |
Quercus insignis M. Martens & Galeotti | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | 17.8 ± 2.3 | > 200 | > 11 | 21.0 ± 3.0 | > 10 |
Rhynchosia edulis Griseb. | Monteverde | MeOH bark | [21] | > 200 | 144.9 ± 1.2 | - | - | - |
Rhynchosia resinosa Hochst. ex Baker | Matabeleland | MeOH root | b | 54.1 ± 4.2 | > 200 | > 4 | 27.7 ± 5.4 | > 7 |
Ruyschia phylladenia Sandwith | Monteverde | CH2Cl2 aerial parts | [21] | < 12.5 | > 200 | > 16 | 22.0 ± 5.9 | > 9 |
Salacia petenesis Lundell | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | > 200 | 35.4 ± 0.8 | - | - | - |
Salacia sp. “liana” | Monteverde | CH2Cl2 bark | [21] | > 200 | 79.2 ± 3.8 | - | - | - |
Salacia sp. “liana” | Monteverde | MeOH bark | [21] | >200 | 91.5 ± 0.3 | - | - | - |
Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong | Monteverde | acetone bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong | Monteverde | CH2Cl2 bark | [21] | > 200 | 73.3 ± 5.6 | - | - | - |
Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees | Alabamah | CH2Cl2 bark | b | < 12.5 | > 200 | > 16 | 20.5 ± 0.6 | > 10 |
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees | Alabama | EtOAc bark | b | 19.4 ± 3.8 | > 200 | > 10 | ||
Saurauia montana Seem | Monteverde | acetone leaf | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Sinclaria polyantha (Klatt) Rydb. | Monteverde | CHCl3/EtOH leaf | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Sorocea trophoides W.C. Burger | Monteverde | MeOH bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Stauranthus perforatus Leibm. | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Stemmadenia donnell-smithii (Rose) Woodson | Monteverde | acetone bark | [21] | < 12.5 | > 200 | > 16 | < 12.5 | > 16 |
Stenocarpus sinuatus (Loudon) Endl. | F. No. Qld. | CHCl3/EtOH bark | [22] | 39.0 ± 1.0 | 36.8 ± 0.3 | 1 | - | - |
Stockwellia quadrifida .J. Carr, S.G.M. Carr, & B. Hyland | F. No. Qld. | EtOH bark | [22] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Struthanthus cf. oerstedii (Oliv.) Standl. | Monteverde | CHCl3/EtOH leaf | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Styphnolobium monteviridis M. Sousa & Rudd | Monteverde | MeOH leaf | [21] | > 200 | 194.8 ± 7.3 | - | - | - |
Styphnolobium monteviridis M. Sousa & Rudd | Monteverde | MeOH bark | [21] | > 200 | 105.3 ± 7.4 | - | - | - |
Symplocos limoncillo Humb. & Bonpl. | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Syncarpia glomulifera (Smith) Niedenzu | Paluma | CHCl3 bark | [20] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Syncarpia glomulifera (Smith) Niedenzu | Paluma | EtOH bark | [20] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Syzygium gustavioides (F.M. Bailey) B. Hyland | F. No. Qld. | CHCl3/EtOH bark | [22] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Tabebuia bahamensis (Northr.) Britton | Abaco | acetone bark | b | 17.4 ± 3.5 | > 200 | > 11 | 23.8 ± 5.7 | > 8 |
Weinmannia pinnata L. | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Xanthophyllum octandrum (F. Muell.) Domin | Paluma | EtOH bark | [20] | 33.7 ± 3.6 | 20.6 ± 0.6 | 1 | - | - |
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. | Monteverde | MeOH bark | b | 34.2 ± 2.3 | 122.0 ± 7.0 | 4 | - | - |
Zanthoxylum setulosum P. Wilson | Monteverde | MeOH bark | [21] | 188.9 ± 1.6 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Zanthoxylum setulosum P. Wilson | Monteverde | MeOH bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Zanthoxylum setulosum P. Wilson | Monteverde | CHCl3 bark | [21] | > 200 | > 200 | - | - | - |
Zanthoxylum sp. aff. Juniperinum Poepp | Monteverde | EtOH bark | [21] | < 12.5 | 14.9 ± 2.2 | > 1 | - | - |
Zanthoxylum veneficum F.M. Bailey | F. No. Qld. | CHCl3/EtOH bark | [22] | > 200 | 66.9 ± 7.9 | - | - | - |
Amphotericin B | - | - | - | 0.030 ± 0.003 | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 193 | 0.030 ± 0.003 | 193 |
Pentamidine | - | - | - | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 11.7 ± 1.7 | 32 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 9 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Alvar, J.; Vélez, I.D.; Bern, C.; Herrero, M.; Desjeux, P.; Cano, J.; Jannin, J.; den Boer, M.; the WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One 2012, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stockdale, L.; Newton, R. A review of preventative methods against human leishmaniasis infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2013, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- González, C.; Wang, O.; Strutz, S.E.; González-Salazar, C.; Sánchez-Cordero, V.; Sarkar, S. Climate change and risk of leishmaniasis in North America: Predictions from ecological niche models of vector and reservoir species. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2010, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aspöck, H.; Gerersdorfer, T.; Formayer, H.; Walochnik, J. Sandflies and sandfly-borne infections of humans in Central Europe in the light of climate change. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 2008, 120, 24–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Semenza, J.C.; Menne, B. Climate change and infectious diseases in Europe. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2009, 9, 365–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minter, L.; Kovacic, B.; Claborn, D.M.; Lawyer, P.; Florin, D.; Brown, G.C. New state records for Lutzomyia shannoni and Lutzomyia vexator. J. Med. Entomol. 2009, 46, 965–968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mann, R.S.; Kaufman, P.E.; Butler, J.F. A sand fly, Lutzomyia shannoni Dyar (Insecta: Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotomine). Available online: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in797 (accessed on 13 November 2014).
- Arevalo, J.; Ramirez, L.; Adaui, V.; Zimic, M.; Tulliano, G.; Miranda-Verástegui, C.; Lazo, M.; Loayza-Muro, R.; De Doncker, S.; Maurer, A.; et al. Influence of Leishmania (Viannia) species on the response to antimonial treatment in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 195, 1846–1851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goto, H.; Lindoso, J.A.L. Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Exp. Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther. 2010, 8, 419–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cragg, G.M.; Newman, D.J.; Snader, K.M. Natural products in drug discovery and development. J. Nat. Prod. 1997, 60, 52–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Newman, D.J.; Cragg, G.M. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years. J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70, 461–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Newman, D.J.; Cragg, G.M. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the years from 1981 to 2010. J. Nat. Prod. 2012, 75, 461–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan-Bacab, M.J.; Peña-Rodriquez, L.M. Plant natural products with leishmanicidal activity. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2001, 18, 674–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rocha, L.G.; Almeica, J.R.G.S.; Macêdo, R.O.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M. A review of natural products with antileishmanial activity. Phytomedicine 2005, 12, 514–535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salem, M.M.; Werbovetz, K.A. Natural products from plants as drug candidates and lead compounds against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. Curr. Med. Chem. 2006, 13, 2571–2598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sen, R.; Chatterjee, M. Plant derived therapeutics for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Phytomedicine 2011, 18, 1056–1069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ogungbe, I.V.; Singh, M.; Setzer, W.N. Antileishmanial natural products from plants. Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 2012, 36, 331–382. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt, T.J.; Khalid, S.A.; Romanha, A.J.; Alves, T.M.A.; Biavatti, M.W.; Brun, R.; Da Costa, F.B.; de Castro, S.L.; Ferreira, V.F.; de Lacerda, M.V.G.; et al. The potential of secondary metabolites from plants as drugs or leads against protozoan neglected diseases-Part I. Curr. Med. Chem. 2012, 19, 2128–2175. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Schmidt, T.J.; Khalid, S.A.; Romanha, A.J.; Alves, T.M.A.; Biavatti, M.W.; Brun, R.; Da Costa, F.B.; de Castro, S.L.; Ferreira, V.F.; de Lacerda, M.V.G.; et al. The potential of secondary metabolites from plants as drugs or leads against protozoan neglected diseases-Part II. Curr. Med. Chem. 2012, 19, 2176–2228. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Setzer, M.C.; Setzer, W.N.; Jackes, B.R.; Gentry, G.A.; Moriarity, D.M. The medicinal value of tropical rainforest plants from Paluma, north Queensland, Australia. Pharmaceut. Biol. 2001, 39, 67–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Setzer, M.C.; Moriarity, D.M.; Lawton, R.O.; Setzer, W.N.; Gentry, G.A.; Haber, W.A. Phytomedicinal potential of tropical cloudforest plants from Monteverde, Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 2003, 51, 647–674. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Setzer, M.C.; Werka, J.S.; Irvine, A.K.; Jackes, B.R.; Setzer, W.N. Biological activity of rainforest plant extracts from far north Queensland, Australia. In Biologically Active Natural Products for the 21st Century; Williams, L.A.D., Ed.; Research Signpost: Trivandrum, India, 2006; pp. 21–46. [Google Scholar]
- Sladowski, D.; Steer, S.J.; Clothier, R.H.; Balls, M. An improve MTT assay. J. Immunol. Meth. 1993, 157, 203–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dutta, A.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Mandal, C.; Chatterjee, M. Development of a modified MTT assay for screening antimonial resistant field isolates of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol. Int. 2005, 54, 119–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caio, E.; Lima, D.; Kaplan, M.A.C.; Nazareth, M.; Rossi-Bergmann, B. Selective effect of 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxychalcone isolated from Piper aduncum on Leishmania amazonensis. Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother. 1999, 43, 1234–1241. [Google Scholar]
- Delorenzi, J.C.; Attias, M.; Gattass, C.R.; Andrade, M.; Rezende, C.; Da Cunha, A. Antileishmanial activity of an indole alkaloid from Peschiera australis. Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother. 2001, 45, 1349–1354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weniger, B.; Robledo, S.; Arango, G.J.; Deharo, E.; Aragón, R.; Muñoz, V.; Callapa, J.; Lobstein, A.; Anton, R. Antiprotozoal activities of Colombian plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001, 78, 193–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ndjakou, L.B.; Vonthron-Sénécheau, C.; Fongang, S.R.; Tantangmo, F.; Ngouela, S.; Kaiser, M.; Tsamo, E.; Anton, R.; Weniger, B. In vitro antiprotozoal activities and cytotoxicity of some selected Cameroonian medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 111, 8–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salomé Gachet, M.; Salazar Lecaro, J.; Kaiser, M.; Brun, R.; Navarrete, H.; Muñoz, R.A.; Bauer, R.; Schühly, W. Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 128, 184–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morales, J.F. La familia Apocynaceae (Apocynoideae, Rauvolfioideae) en Guatemala. Darwiniana 2009, 47, 140–184. [Google Scholar]
- Walls, F.; Collera, O.; Sandoval, A.L. Alkaloids from Stemmadenia species-I: The alkaloids of S. donnell-smithii and S. galeottiana. Tetrahedron, 1958, 2, 173–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soares, D.C.; Pereira, C.G.; Meireles, M.A.A.; Saraiva, E.M. Leishmanicidal activity of a supercritical fluid fraction obtained from Tabernaemontana catharinensis. Parasitol. Int. 2007, 56, 135–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fernandez, L.S.; Sykes, M.L.; Andrews, K.T.; Avery, V.M. Antiparasitic activity of alkaloids from plant species of Papua New Guinea and Australia. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2010, 36, 275–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ogungbe, I.V.; Ng, J.D.; Setzer, W.N. Interactions of antiparasitic alkaloids with Leishmania protein targets: A molecular docking analysis. Future Med. Chem. 2013, 5, 1777–1799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chinchilla-Carmona, M.; Valerio-Campos, I.; Sánchez-Porras, R.; Bagnarello-Madrigal, V.; Martínez-Esquivel, L.; González-Paniagua, A.; Alpizar-Cordero, J.; Cordero-Villalobos, M.; Rodríguez-Chaves, D. Actividad contra Leishmania sp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) de plantas en una Reserva Biológica de Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 2014, 62, 1229–1240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Filho, V.C.; Meyre-Silva, C.; Niero, R.; Bolda Mariano, L.N.; Gomes do Nascimento, F.; Farias, I.V.; Gazoni, V.F.; dos Santos Silva, B.; Giménez, A.; Gutierrez-Yapu, D.; et al. Evaluation of antileishmanial activity of selected Brazilian plants and identification of the active principles. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alves Santos, K.K.; Rolón, M.; Vega, C.; Rojas de Arias, A.; Martins da Costa, J.G.; Melo Coutinho, H.D. Atividade leishmanicida in vitro de Eugenia uniflora e Momordica charantia. Rev. Ciên. Farm. Básic. Apl. 2013, 34, 47–50. [Google Scholar]
- Braga, F.G.; Mouzada, M.L.M.; Fabri, R.L.; Matos, M.d.O.; Moreira, F.O.; Scio, E.; Coimbra, E.S. Antileishmanial and antifungal activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Brazil. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 111, 396–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodrigues, K.A.d.F.; Amorim, L.V.; Guerra de Oliveira, J.M.; Dias, C.N.; Moraes, D.F.C.; Andrade, E.H.d.A.; Maia, J.G.S.; Carneiro, S.M.P.; Carvalho, F.A.d.A. Eugenia uniflora L. essential oil as a potential anti-Leishmania agent: Effects on Leishmania amazonensis and possible mechanisms of action. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Desrivot, J.; Waikedre, J.; Cabalion, P.; Herrenknecht, C.; Bories, C.; Hocquemiller, R.; Fournet, A. Antiparasitic activity of some New Caledonian medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 112, 7–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hui, W.H.; Li, M.M. Triterpenoids from two Mallotus species: A nor-triterpene and two new acids. Phytochemistry 1976, 15, 985–986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okpekon, T.; Yolou, S.; Gleye, C.; Roblot, F.; Loiseau, P.; Bories, C.; Grellier, P.; Frappier, F.; Laurens, A.; Hocquemiller, R. Antiparasitic activities of medicinal plants used in Ivory Coast. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 90, 91–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaler, K.M.; Setzer, W.N. Seasonal variation in the leaf essential oil composition of Sassafras albidum. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2008, 3, 829–832. [Google Scholar]
- Kennedy, J.E.; Davé, P.C.; Harbin, L.N.; Setzer, W.N. Allelopathic potential of Sassafras albidum and Pinus taeda essential oils. Allelopathy J. 2011, 27, 111–122. [Google Scholar]
- Monzote, L.; Alarcón, O.; Setzer, W.N. Antiprotozoal activity of essential oils. Agric. Consp. Scient. 2012, 77, 167–175. [Google Scholar]
- Mikus, J.; Harkenthal, M.; Steverding, D.; Reishling, J. In vitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono- and sesquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei. Planta Med. 2000, 66, 366–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Camargos, H.S.; Moreira, R.A.; Mendanha, S.A.; Fernandes, K.S.; Dorta, M.L.; Alonso, A. Terpenes increase the lipid dynamics in the Leishmania plasma membrane at concentrations similar to their IC50 values. PLoS ONE 2014, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- França, F.F.; Lago, E.L.; Marsden, P.D. Plants used in the treatment of leishmanial ulcers due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in an endemic area of Bahia, Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 1996, 29, 229–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- González-Coloma, A.; Reina, M.; Sáenz, C.; Lacret, R.; Ruiz-Mesia, L.; Arán, V.J.; Sanz, J.; Martínez-Díaz, R.A. Antileishmanial, antitrypanosoma, and cytotoxic screening of ethnopharmacologically selected Peruvian plants. Parasitol. Res. 2012, 110, 1380–1392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ali, A.; Kiderlen, A.; Kolodziej, H. Lapachol and isomeric 5- and 8-hydroxy-2-(1'-hydroxyethyl)naphtho[2,3-b] furan-4,9-diones are effective antileishmanial constituents of Tabebuia avellanedae. Planta Med. 2010, 76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bates, R.B.; Cai, S.; Cantor, R.S.; Carducci, M.D.; Irvine, A.K.; Jiorle, B.V.; Nakkiew, P.; Setzer, W.N.; Trinh, L.N. Agatholic acid. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. E 2003, E59, o97–o98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brophy, J.J.; Goldsack, R.J.; Forster, P.I. Composition of the leaf oils of the Australian species of Euodia and Melicope (Rutaceae). J. Essent. Oil Res. 2004, 16, 286–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Setzer, W.N.; Vogler, B.; Schmidt, J.M.; Petty, J.L.; Haber, W.A. Isolation of cupanioside, a novel cytotoxic and antibacterial long-chain fatty alcohol glycoside from the bark of Cupania glabra. Planta Med. 2005, 71, 686–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peraza-Sánchez, S.R.; Cen-Pacheco, F.; Noh-Chimal, A.; May-Pat, F.; Simá-Polanco, P.; Dumonteil, E.; García-Miss, M.R.; Mut-Martín, M. Leishmanicidal evaluation of extracts from native plants of the Yucatan peninsula. Fitoterapia 2007, 78, 315–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gachet, M.S.; Kunert, O.; Kaiser, M.; Brun, R.; Zehl, M.; Keller, W.; Muñoz, R.A.; Bauer, R.; Schuehly, W. Antiparasitic compounds from Cupania cinerea with activities against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. J. Nat. Prod. 2011, 74, 559–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Mesquita, M.L.; Desrivot, J.; Bories, C.; Fournet, A.; de Paula, J.E.; Grellier, P.; Espindola, L.S. Antileishmanial and trypanocidal activity of Brazilian Cerrado plants. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2005, 100, 783–787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hazra, B.; Saha, S.K.; Ray, R.; Roy, D.K.; Sur, P.; Banerjee, A. Antiprotozoal activity of diospyrin towards Leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro. Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. Hygiene 1987, 81, 738–741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hazra, B.; Golenser, J.; Nechemiya, O.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Azzam, T.; Domb, A.; Frankenburg, S. Inhibitory activity of diospyrin derivatives against Leishmania major parasites in vitro. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2002, 34, 422–427. [Google Scholar]
- Ray, S.; Hazra, B.; Mittra, B.; Das, A.; Majumder, H.K. Diospyrin, a bisnaphthoquinone: A novel inhibitor of type I DNA topoisomerase of Leishmania donovani. Mol. Pharmacol. 1998, 54, 994–999. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Mukherjee, P.; Majee, S.B.; Ghosh, S.; Hazra, B. Apoptosis-like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes induced by diospyrin and its ethanolamine derivative. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agent. 2009, 34, 596–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ganapaty, S.; Thomas, P.S.; Karagianis, G.; Waterman, P.G.; Brun, R. Antiprotozoal and cytotoxic naphthalene derivatives from Diospyros assimilis. Phytochemistry 2006, 67, 1950–1956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mori-Yasumoto, K.; Izumoto, R.; Fuchino, H.; Ooi, T.; Agatsuma, Y.; Kusumi, T.; Satake, M.; Sekita, S. Leishmanicidal activities and cytotoxicities of bisnaphthoquinone analogues and naphthol derivatives from Burman Diospyros burmanica. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2012, 20, 5215–5219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luize, P.S.; Tiuman, T.S.; Morello, L.G.; Maza, P.K.; Ueda-Nakamura, T.; Dias Filho, B.P.; Garcia Cortez, D.A.; Palazzo de Mello, J.C.; Nakamura, C.V. Effects of medicinal plant extracts on growth of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi. Rev. Bras. Ciên. Farm. 2005, 41, 85–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takahashi, M.; Fuchino, H.; Satake, M.; Agatsuma, Y.; Sekita, S. In vitro screening of leishmanicidal activity in Myanmar timber extracts. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2004, 27, 921–925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Billo, M.; Fournet, A.; Cabalion, P.; Waikedre, J.; Bories, C.; Loiseau, P.; Prina, E.; Rojas de Arias, A.; Yaluff, G.; Fourneau, C.; et al. Screening of New Caledonian and Vanuatu medicinal plants for antiprotozoal activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 96, 569–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Odonne, G.; Berger, F.; Stein, D.; Grenand, P.; Bourdy, G. Treatment of leishmaniasis in the Oyapock basin (French Guiana): A K.A.P. survey and analysis of the evolution of phytotherapy knowledge amongst Wayãpi Indians. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 137, 1228–1239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Memoona, A.; Amir, M.K.; Sultan, A.; Razia, P.; Sumera, P.; Lal, M.; Nisar, A. Evaluation of Nepeta laevigata, Nepeta kurramensis and Rhynchosia reniformis on antimalarial and antileishmanial activities. Int. J. Bioassays 2012, 1, 122–127. [Google Scholar]
- Dosoky, N.S.; Stewart, C.D.; Setzer, W.N. Identification of essential oil components from Conradina canescens. Am. J. Essent. Oils Nat. Prod. 2014, 2, 24–28. [Google Scholar]
- Machado, M.; Dinis, A.M.; Santos-Rosa, M.; Alves, V.; Salgueiro, L.; Cavaleiro, C.; Sousa, M.C. Activity of Thymus capitellatus volatile extract, 1,8-cineole and borneol against Leishmania species. Vet. Parasitol. 2014, 200, 39–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nibret, E.; Wink, M. Trypanocidal and antileukaemic effects of the essential oils of Hagenia abyssinica, Leonotis ocymifolia, Moringa stenopetala, and their main individual constituents. Phytomedicine 2010, 17, 911–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Monzote, L.; Piñón, A.; Setzer, W.N. Antileishmanial Potential of Tropical Rainforest Plant Extracts. Medicines 2014, 1, 32-55. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines1010032
Monzote L, Piñón A, Setzer WN. Antileishmanial Potential of Tropical Rainforest Plant Extracts. Medicines. 2014; 1(1):32-55. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines1010032
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonzote, Lianet, Abel Piñón, and William N. Setzer. 2014. "Antileishmanial Potential of Tropical Rainforest Plant Extracts" Medicines 1, no. 1: 32-55. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines1010032