Impact of Maternal Air Pollution Exposure on Children’s Lung Health: An Indian Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Evidence of Maternal Air Pollution-Induced Health Effects in Offspring
3. Maternal Air Pollution Exposure and Airway Disease
4. In Utero Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Development of Airway Disease
4.1. ER Stress
4.2. Autophagy
4.3. Mitochondrial Damage
5. Conclusion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RANK | CITY | PM2.5 LEVEL (Annual Mean, µg/m3) |
---|---|---|
1 | Kanpur | 173 |
2 | Faridabad | 172 |
3 | Varanasi | 151 |
4 | Gaya | 149 |
5 | Patna | 144 |
6 | Delhi | 143 |
7 | Lucknow | 138 |
8 | Agra | 131 |
9 | Muzaffarpur | 120 |
10 | Srinagar | 113 |
11 | Gurgaon | 113 |
12 | Jaipur | 105 |
13 | Patiala | 101 |
14 | Jodhpur | 98 |
S. No. | Author | Study Design | Sample Size | Exposure | Parameter Studied | Comments and Association |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Padhy et al., 2009 [44] | Case-control | Control (105) Biomass user (115) | Biomass smoke | Respiratory symptoms Oxidative stress Hematological changes | Exposure to biomass smoke significantly associated with respiratory diseases, oxidative stress, and hematological changes |
2. | Awasthi et al., 2010 [42] | Cohort | 23 children (10–13 years of age) | Agriculture crop residue burning (ACRB) | Pulmonary function | Decrease in pulmonary function with an increase in air pollutant levels due to ACRB |
3. | Kumar et al., 2015 [46] | Cohort | 3104 children | Indoor suspended particulate matter (SPM) | Asthma | Indoor SPM level was significantly higher in asthmatic children’s houses |
4. | Singh et al., 2015 [47] | Cross-sectional, multicenter | 44,928 (6–7 year age group); 48,088 (13–14 year age group) | Traffic pollution, maternal and paternal smoking | Asthma | Traffic pollution and maternal and paternal smoking is associated with increased prevalence of asthma |
5. | Murlidhar et al., 2015 [48] | Case-report | 11-year-old boy, malnourished | Secondary exposure to sandstone mining | Silico-tuberculosis | Mother started working in the mines soon after her marriage and the family lives close to the mines |
6. | Rumchev et al., 2017 [49] | Cohort | 170 children between 1 and 15 years | Indoor exposure to PM2.5 | Respiratory symptoms | No significant association between PM-exposure and respiratory symptoms even though odds are high |
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Saha, P.; Johny, E.; Dangi, A.; Shinde, S.; Brake, S.; Eapen, M.S.; Sohal, S.S.; Naidu, V.; Sharma, P. Impact of Maternal Air Pollution Exposure on Children’s Lung Health: An Indian Perspective. Toxics 2018, 6, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6040068
Saha P, Johny E, Dangi A, Shinde S, Brake S, Eapen MS, Sohal SS, Naidu V, Sharma P. Impact of Maternal Air Pollution Exposure on Children’s Lung Health: An Indian Perspective. Toxics. 2018; 6(4):68. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6040068
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaha, Pritam, Ebin Johny, Ashish Dangi, Sopan Shinde, Samuel Brake, Mathew Suji Eapen, Sukhwinder Singh Sohal, VGM Naidu, and Pawan Sharma. 2018. "Impact of Maternal Air Pollution Exposure on Children’s Lung Health: An Indian Perspective" Toxics 6, no. 4: 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics6040068