A Review of Heavy Metal Concentration and Potential Health Implications of Beverages Consumed in Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Diversity of Beverages Consumed in Nigeria
3.1. Non-Alcoholic
3.2. Alcoholic
4. Heavy Metal Concentration in Food-Drink Consumed in Nigeria
4.1. Iron
4.2. Zinc
4.3. Cadmium
4.4. Chromium
4.5. Lead
4.6. Mercury
4.7. Copper
4.8. Nickel
4.9. Manganese
4.10. Arsenic
4.11. Antimony, Tin and Silver
5. Potential Health Implications in Beverages Containing Heavy Metals
6. Conclusions and Way Forward
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-Alcoholic Beverages | Fe | Zn | Cd | Cr | Pb | Hg | Cu | Ni | Mn | Sn | As | Ag | Sb | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ten selected soft drink | 0.08–0.55 | 0.011–2.28 | ND-0.01 | - | ND-0.04 | - | 0.04–0.79 | - | - | - | ND-0.01 | - | - | [20] |
Non-alcoholic (ferrous, scnappes, spirite, cocacola, Amstel, malta, Fanta, malta Guinness, Maltina) | 0.572–1.734 | 0.001–7.38 | ND-0.26 | ND-0.026 | ND-0.447 | - | ND-3.256 | ND-0.272 | - | - | ND-0.141 | - | - | [44] |
Milk candy and fruit concentrates | 0.61–1.99 | - | ND-0.07 | ND-0.001 | ND-0.28 | - | 0.01–3.68 | - | - | - | - | - | - | [52] |
Juice and milk shake | 0.50–1.88 | - | 0.08–0.12 | 0.06–0.57 | 0.20–1.21 | - | 0.01–0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | [52] |
Herbal drink (agbo jedi jedi) aqueous | - | 0.46 | 0.59 | - | ND | ND | 3.55 | 6.38 | ND | - | - | - | - | [1] |
* Fruit juice and soft drink (grand malt, cocal cola, ginger, Fanta orange, spirte, Schweppes bitter lemmon, rubicon guava, fayrouz premium soft drink, caprisoone orange drink, dansa fruit drink, delite orange fruit juice, Chivita premium pinapple juice, chi exotic pineapple and coconut nectar, tropical pure fruit juice, ice tea lemon, locomalt, 5 alive berry blast, lucozade boost, ribenna blackcurrent, fruchtegut, La casera aplle drink, bobo apple milk drink, V8 splash berry blend, fuze healthy infusions, san cream soda, tango, old Jamaica ginger beer, Amstel malt, betamalt, nestle milo energy drink, robust sugar free, 7 up) | - | - | - | - | - | 2.39 | - | - | - | 3.66 | - | - | 0.49 | [26] |
Twenty four selected soft drink | 0.10–3.81 | 0.02–2.42 | ND-0.03 | ND-0.10 | ND-0.05 | - | 0.07–2.20 | - | - | - | - | - | - | [30] |
Soft drinks (bottle coke, fanta, pepsi, Miranda, can coke, can zero coke, fanata, spirite, plastic Fanta, coke, sprite, pepsi, Miranda, Don simon pineapple juice, Chi active 5, citrus fruit juice, fresh pineapple and coconut juice and fresh pinapple juice, bottled Maltina, Amstel, 7 up, can Amstel, Maltina, Plastic, 7 up, Chivita premium pineapple and coconut juice and fresh citrus juice) | - | - | 0.00–0.149 | - | 0.00–3.392 | ND-11.33 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | [39] |
* Canned soft drink (maltina, Fanta, lucozade boost, Chivita pineapple | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | <0.01–0.31 | - | - | - | [54] |
* Canned beverages (Olympic and Three Crown milk) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 217.6–516.0 | - | - | - | [54] |
* Canned beverages (peak, milo and five alive juice drink) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | <0.01 | - | - | - | [54] |
Twenty different brand of soft drink | - | ND | ND-0.158 | ND-2.33 | ND-0.002 | - | - | ND-0.063 | - | - | - | ND | - | [41] |
Canned beverages (Picnic Soymilk, Remmy Rankky Orange, Sprite Soft Drink, Star Pino Pineapple, Star Mango, Godys Malta Drink, Chinchin malt milk drink, coca coloa, Glorietta Lemonade orange, Sagiko pink guava, original precious juice, Fanta orange, sobela mixed fruit drink, sweet heart mixed fruit, Gold quell multivitamin, luna milk, three crowns milk, peak milk, lino and top milk and Lino and Holsten malta drinks | - | - | - | 0.04–0.59 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.003–0.161 | - | - | [40] |
La Casera Orange and apple Drink, Chelsea Teezer Gin, Pinneapple, Fine Merit Yoghurt, Delite Black Currant Drink, Chivita Orange Juice, Popcy Flavored Drink, Lulu Apple Juice, Sans Cream Soda, Ribena Black Currant, Lucozade Boost V. Roovers Orange Drink, Campina Yazzo Milk Drink, Mighty Nice Chocolate Drink, Sheeza Mango, Vitamilk Soyamilk Grape Joy of Health, tico orange cordial, marigold orange, lucomalt, vinamilk yomilk, 5-alive citrus burst juice, might nice vanilla low fat, caprisonne pineapple drink | - | - | - | 0.01–0.55 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.002–0.261 | - | - | [40] |
Canned beverages (Picnic Soymilk, Remmy Rankky Orange, Sprite Soft Drink, Star Pino Pineapple, Star Mango, Godys Malta Drink, Chinchin malt milk drink, coca coloa, Glorietta Lemonade orange, Sagiko pink guava, original precious juice, Fanta orange, sobela mixed fruit drink, sweet heart mixed fruit, Gold quell multivitamin, luna milk, three crowns milk, peak milk, lino and top milk and Lino and Holsten malta drinks) | 0.02–2.460 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.013–0.993 | 0.001–0.730 | - | - | - | - | [29] |
La Casera Orange and apple Drink, Chelsea Teezer Gin, Pinneapple, Fine Merit Yoghurt, Delite Black Currant Drink, Chivita Orange Juice, Popcy Flavored Drink, Lulu Apple Juice, Sans Cream Soda, Ribena Black Currant, Lucozade Boost V. Roovers Orange Drink, Campina Yazzo Milk Drink, Mighty Nice Chocolate Drink, Sheeza Mango, Vitamilk Soyamilk Grape Joy of Health, tico orange cordial, marigold orange,lucomalt, vinamilk yomilk, 5-alive citrus burst juice, might nice vanilla low fat, caprisonne pineapple drink | 0.02–2.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.009–0.938 | 0.001–0.209 | - | - | - | - | [29] |
SON | 0.3 | 3 | 0.003 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.2 | - | 0.01 | - | - | [37] |
WHO | - | - | 0.003 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 2 | 0.07 | - | 0.002 | 0.01 | - | 0.02 | [38] |
Alcoholic Beverages | Fe | Zn | Cd | Cr | Pb | Cu | Ni | Mn | As | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Herbal drink (agbo jedi jedi) | 0.58 | 0.39 | ND | 3.12 | 1.53 | ND | [1] | |||
Harp, 33, star, gulder, Heineken, Guinness, Smirnoff, red bull, turbo | 1.093–2.455 | 0.007–0.227 | 0.006–0.104 | ND-0.002 | ND-0.081 | <0.001–0.671 | 0.184–0.273 | - | ND-0.20 | [44] |
Canned beer (becks, Dettinger, Guinness, Stout, Heineken, Henburg, Hollandia, Olsten, Panther and Tuborg | 0.23–0.56 | 0.08–0.15 | 0.003–0.008 | 0.17–0.34 | 0.023–0.045 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.04–0.10 | - | - | [27] |
Star, 33, Champion, becks, Heineken, Holstein | 0.05–0.50 | ND-0.643 | - | - | ND | ND-0.10 | - | - | - | [43] |
Locally brewed gin “ufofp” | 6.00–28.50 | 0.33–5.00 | - | - | 3.00–6.75 | 3.16–6.21 | - | - | - | [43] |
SON | 0.3 | 3 | 0.003 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.2 | 0.01 | [37] |
WHO | - | - | 0.003 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 2 | 0.07 | - | 0.01 | [38] |
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Izah, S.C.; Inyang, I.R.; Angaye, T.C.N.; Okowa, I.P. A Review of Heavy Metal Concentration and Potential Health Implications of Beverages Consumed in Nigeria. Toxics 2017, 5, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5010001
Izah SC, Inyang IR, Angaye TCN, Okowa IP. A Review of Heavy Metal Concentration and Potential Health Implications of Beverages Consumed in Nigeria. Toxics. 2017; 5(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzah, Sylvester Chibueze, Iniobong Reuben Inyang, Tariwari C. N. Angaye, and Ifeoma Peace Okowa. 2017. "A Review of Heavy Metal Concentration and Potential Health Implications of Beverages Consumed in Nigeria" Toxics 5, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5010001
APA StyleIzah, S. C., Inyang, I. R., Angaye, T. C. N., & Okowa, I. P. (2017). A Review of Heavy Metal Concentration and Potential Health Implications of Beverages Consumed in Nigeria. Toxics, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5010001