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Article

Multi-Element Exposure and Health Risks of Grains from Ambagarh Chowki, Chhattisgarh, India

by
Bhagyashri Wakhle
1,
Saroj Sharma
1,
Khageshwar Singh Patel
2,*,
Piyush Kant Pandey
2,
Antonela Blažević
3,
Željka Fiket
3,
Sema Yurdakul
4,
Simge Varol
5,
Pablo Martín-Ramos
6,
Hanan M. Al-Yousef
7 and
Ramzi A. Mothana
7
1
Department of Chemistry, Government Nagarjuna Post Graduate College of Science, G. E. Road, Raipur CG 492010, India
2
Department of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Baloda-Bazar Road, Raipur CG 493225, India
3
Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
4
Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
5
Geological Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
6
ETSIIAA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avenida de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
7
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxics 2025, 13(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13010056
Submission received: 6 November 2024 / Revised: 9 December 2024 / Accepted: 7 January 2025 / Published: 14 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)
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Abstract

Rice, wheat, and maize grains are staple foods, widely consumed for their mineral and nutritional values. However, they can accumulate toxic elements from contaminated soils, posing health risks. This study investigates the bioaccumulation patterns of 52 elements (including nutrients, heavy metals, and rare earth elements) in various parts (grain, husk, straw, and root) of cereals grown in a heavily polluted region. The results revealed that rice grains exhibited a higher accumulation (Σ33.4 mg/kg) of toxic elements (As, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb) than wheat (Σ26.6 mg/kg) and maize (Σ16.2 mg/kg) grains, with the high-yield RI64 cultivar (Σ47.0 mg/kg) being the most susceptible. Across the rice plant, accumulation increased in the order of grain < husk < straw < root. Elements like P, K, Cu, and Zn showed the highest enrichment. Worryingly, the most toxic elements, such as As, Pb, and Cd, exceeded permissible limits across grains, straws, and husks. Health risk assessment indicated that wheat and maize pose greater non-cancer and cancer risks than rice. Despite being grown in a highly contaminated region, the study identifies some rice cultivars like Luchai and Sarna as relatively safer options due to a lower accumulation of toxic elements.
Keywords: grains; health hazards; mineral; potentiality; toxicity grains; health hazards; mineral; potentiality; toxicity
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MDPI and ACS Style

Wakhle, B.; Sharma, S.; Patel, K.S.; Pandey, P.K.; Blažević, A.; Fiket, Ž.; Yurdakul, S.; Varol, S.; Martín-Ramos, P.; Al-Yousef, H.M.; et al. Multi-Element Exposure and Health Risks of Grains from Ambagarh Chowki, Chhattisgarh, India. Toxics 2025, 13, 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13010056

AMA Style

Wakhle B, Sharma S, Patel KS, Pandey PK, Blažević A, Fiket Ž, Yurdakul S, Varol S, Martín-Ramos P, Al-Yousef HM, et al. Multi-Element Exposure and Health Risks of Grains from Ambagarh Chowki, Chhattisgarh, India. Toxics. 2025; 13(1):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13010056

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wakhle, Bhagyashri, Saroj Sharma, Khageshwar Singh Patel, Piyush Kant Pandey, Antonela Blažević, Željka Fiket, Sema Yurdakul, Simge Varol, Pablo Martín-Ramos, Hanan M. Al-Yousef, and et al. 2025. "Multi-Element Exposure and Health Risks of Grains from Ambagarh Chowki, Chhattisgarh, India" Toxics 13, no. 1: 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13010056

APA Style

Wakhle, B., Sharma, S., Patel, K. S., Pandey, P. K., Blažević, A., Fiket, Ž., Yurdakul, S., Varol, S., Martín-Ramos, P., Al-Yousef, H. M., & Mothana, R. A. (2025). Multi-Element Exposure and Health Risks of Grains from Ambagarh Chowki, Chhattisgarh, India. Toxics, 13(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13010056

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