Selenium Biofortification Enhanced Grain Yield and Alleviated the Risk of Arsenic and Cadmium Toxicity in Rice for Human Consumption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Instruments
2.2. Rice Cultivation and Harvesting
- Control: without As5+ or Se6+ addition in soils;
- Se5: Se6+ at 5 mg L−1;
- As5: As5+ at 5 mg L−1;
- As2.5 + Se5: As5+ at 2.5 mg L−1 and Se6+ at 5 mg L−1;
- As5 + Se5: As5+ and Se6+ at 5 mg L−1;
- As10 + Se5: As5+ at 10 mg L−1 and Se6+ at 5 mg L−1.
2.3. Evaluation of Soil and Grain Characterizations
2.4. Determination of As, Cd, and Se in Grains
2.5. As Chemical Speciation in Husked Rice
2.6. The Speciation of Se in Husked Rice
2.7. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI)
2.8. Statistics Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Soil Analysis and Agronomic Parameters
3.2. As in Grains: Total Concentration and Chemical Speciation
3.3. Se: Total Concentration and Chemical Speciation
3.4. Co-Exposure As and Se: Total Concentration and Chemical Speciation
3.5. The Influence of Single or Combined Exposure to As and Se on the Daily Intake of As, Se, and Cd from Rice
Cultivar | Treatment | As | i-As | o-As | Se | i-Se | o-Se | Cd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BRS Pampa | Control | 0.11 (0.13) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.09 (0.34) |
Se5 | 0.09 (0.10) | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.02) | 7.84 (11.24) | 0.65 (0.72) | 7.19 (7.25) | 0.05 (0.06) | |
As5 | 0.30 (0.36) | 0.21 (0.21) | 0.09 (0.10) | 0.24 (0.49) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.24 (0.24) | 0.08 (0.14) | |
As5 + Se5 | 0.24 (0.33) | 0.22 (0.24) | 0.06 (0.08) | 7.32 (8.72) | 0.27 (0.27) | 7.05 (7.06) | 0.09 (0.19) | |
EPAGRI 108 | Control | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.08 (0.14) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.08 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.03) |
Se5 | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.01) | 9.85 (12.55) | 0.60 (0.65) | 9.25 (9.30) | 0.03 (0.08) | |
As5 | 0.20 (0.25) | 0.15 (0.16) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.11 (0.23) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.02 (0.02) | |
As5 + Se5 | 0.18 (0.24) | 0.14 (0.15) | 0.07 (0.08) | 8.71 (12.36) | 0.22 (0.22) | 8.60 (8.71) | 0.03 (0.04) | |
Reference Intake | 0.3–8 a | 0.3–8 a | 0.79 b–5.7 c | 0.36 d | ||||
[30] e | Brazilian rice | 0.04–0.09 | 0.03–0.07 | 0.01–0.02 | 0.004–0.009 | |||
[56] f | Thai rice | 0.12–1.05 | 0.03–0.13 | |||||
[60] e | Chinese rice | 0.05–0.20 | ||||||
[60] e | Se-rich Chinese rice | 0.06–1.67 |
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters Evaluated | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | Number of Grains | Length (mm) of Grains | Weight (g) of Grains | Weight (g) of Husk’s Grains | |
BRS PAMPA | Control | 149 ± 49 | 8.8 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.4 |
Se5 | 134 ± 22 | 8.6 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | |
As5 | 154 ± 51 | 8.7 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | |
As2.5 + Se5 | 184 ± 62 bc | 9.1 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.9 b | 1.0 ± 0.3 | |
As5 + Se5 | 172 ± 56 b | 8.8 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | |
As10 + Se5 | 236 ± 80 abc | 8.7 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 1.5 abc | 1.2 ± 0.4 | |
EPAGRI 108 | Control | 108 ± 30 | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
Se5 | 124 ± 31 | 9.2 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | |
As5 | 108 ± 17 | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | |
As2.5 + Se5 | 125 ± 49 | 9.3 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | |
As5 + Se5 | 173 ± 43 | 9.1 ± 0.3 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | |
As10 + Se5 | 132 ± 52 | 9.1 ± 0.2 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 |
Treatment | Cultivar: BRS Pampa (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | Cultivar: EPAGRI 108 (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As (µg kg−1) | Se (µg kg−1) | Cd (µg kg−1) | As (µg kg−1) | Se (µg kg−1) | Cd (µg kg−1) | |
Control | 107 ± 10 | 48 ± 11 | 83.0 ± 24.5 | 61 ± 14 | 79 ± 32 | 27.8 ± 2.81 |
Se5 | 85 ± 12 | 7560 ± 2029 a | 49.2 ± 4.58 a | 54 ± 6 | 9499 ± 1801 a | 28.9 ± 6.38 |
As5 | 293 ± 34 ab | 227 ± 146 b | 75.0 ± 34.1 | 197 ± 34 a | 107 ± 67 ab | 16.7 ± 1.31 |
As2.5 + Se5 | 263 ± 25 ab | 8968 ± 1864 a | 42.4 ± 26.4 a | 94 ± 17 ab | 5474 ± 949 ab | 43.3 ± 17.0 |
As5 + Se5 | 229 ± 21 ab | 7055 ± 1047 ac | 91.4 ± 30.7 | 170 ± 48 ab | 8400 ± 3372 a | 32.6 ± 11.2 |
As10 + Se5 | 417 ± 53 abc | 7565 ± 1154 ac | 63.4 ± 3.51 | 255 ± 60 abc | 4543 ± 21 abc | 37.0 ± 10.2 |
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Paniz, F.P.; Pedron, T.; Procópio, V.A.; Lange, C.N.; Freire, B.M.; Batista, B.L. Selenium Biofortification Enhanced Grain Yield and Alleviated the Risk of Arsenic and Cadmium Toxicity in Rice for Human Consumption. Toxics 2023, 11, 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040362
Paniz FP, Pedron T, Procópio VA, Lange CN, Freire BM, Batista BL. Selenium Biofortification Enhanced Grain Yield and Alleviated the Risk of Arsenic and Cadmium Toxicity in Rice for Human Consumption. Toxics. 2023; 11(4):362. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040362
Chicago/Turabian StylePaniz, Fernanda Pollo, Tatiana Pedron, Vitória Aparecida Procópio, Camila Neves Lange, Bruna Moreira Freire, and Bruno Lemos Batista. 2023. "Selenium Biofortification Enhanced Grain Yield and Alleviated the Risk of Arsenic and Cadmium Toxicity in Rice for Human Consumption" Toxics 11, no. 4: 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040362