Evaluation of the Toxic Effect of Bauhinia purpurea Mediated Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles against In-vitro and In-vivo Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials Used
2.2. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle using Bauhinia purpurea Gum
2.3. Bio-Physical Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles
2.4. Collection, Maintenance, and Pre-Treatment of Earthworms and Zebrafishes
2.5. Breeding, Spawning and Maintenance of Zebrafishes Embryos
2.6. Exposure to Silver Nanoparticles
2.7. Observation of Phenotypical Changes
2.8. Histopathological Studies and ICP–OES
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles
3.2. Toxicity Studies on Earthworm and Zebrafish
3.2.1. Phenotypical Changes
3.2.2. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP–OES)
3.2.3. Histology Studies
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter Analyzed | Control | 10 µg | 20 µg | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |
Color change | Brownish black | Brownish black | Brownish black | Brownish pink | Brownish black | Brownish pink |
Behavioral change | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil |
Conc. | Before | 10th day | 20th day | 30th day |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 10 | 22 | 27 | 51 |
10 µg | 10 | 17 | 22 | 14 |
20 µg | 10 | 17 | 13 | 9 |
Parameter Analyzed | Control | 10 µg | 20 µg | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |
Color change | Nil | Nil | Nil | Yellowish tint in the gills and fins | Nil | Yellowish tint in the gills and fins |
Behavioral change | Active | Active | Active | Weak and slow | Active | Weak and slow |
Growth | Normal | Normal | Normal | Inhibition in growth | Normal | Inhibition in growth |
Conc. | Before | 10th Day | 20th Day | 30th Day |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
10 µg | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 |
20 µg | 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 |
Control | 10 µg | 20 µg | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0th h | 24 hpf | 48 hpf | 0th h | 24 hpf | 48 hpf | 0th h | 24 hpf | 48 hpf | |
Hatching | NA | NA | +++ | NA | NA | ++ | NA | NA | + |
Coagulated embryos | - | + | - | - | + | ++ | - | + | ++ |
Somite formation | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Heartbeat | NA | NA | ++ | NA | NA | ++ | NA | NA | + |
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Shobana, N.; Prakash, P.; Samrot, A.V.; Saigeetha, S.; Sathiyasree, M.; Thirugnanasambandam, R.; Visvanathan, S.; Mohanty, B.K.; Sabesan, G.S.; Dhiva, S.; et al. Evaluation of the Toxic Effect of Bauhinia purpurea Mediated Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles against In-vitro and In-vivo Models. Toxics 2023, 11, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010009
Shobana N, Prakash P, Samrot AV, Saigeetha S, Sathiyasree M, Thirugnanasambandam R, Visvanathan S, Mohanty BK, Sabesan GS, Dhiva S, et al. Evaluation of the Toxic Effect of Bauhinia purpurea Mediated Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles against In-vitro and In-vivo Models. Toxics. 2023; 11(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleShobana, Nagarajan, Pandurangan Prakash, Antony V. Samrot, Subramanian Saigeetha, Mahendran Sathiyasree, Rajendran Thirugnanasambandam, Sridevi Visvanathan, Basanta Kumar Mohanty, Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Shanmugaboopathi Dhiva, and et al. 2023. "Evaluation of the Toxic Effect of Bauhinia purpurea Mediated Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles against In-vitro and In-vivo Models" Toxics 11, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010009