New-Onset and Exacerbation of Lung Diseases after Short-Term Exposures to Humidifier Disinfectant during Hospitalization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Disease Change during Hospitalization
2.3. Humidifier Disinfectant Exposure
2.4. Characteristics of Participants
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Value |
---|---|
Age (years) a | 53.40 ± 25.74 |
≤6 | 17 (8.6) |
7–19 | 8 (7.4) |
20–64 | 62 (37.0) |
≥65 | 70 (46.9) |
Sex | |
Male | 96 (59.3) |
Female | 66 (40.7) |
Survival status | |
Survivor | 52 (32.1) |
Death | 110 (67.9) |
Cigarette smoking a | |
Never smoker | 101 (62.7) |
Former smoker | 56 (34.8) |
Current smoker | 4 (2.5) |
Education level a | |
≤Elementary school | 59 (38.6) |
Middle school | 25 (16.3) |
High school | 42 (27.5) |
≥College | 27 (17.6) |
Exposure prior to hospitalization | |
Ever | 34 (21.0) |
Non (first exposure during hospitalization) | 128 (79.0) |
Disease after hospitalization | |
Lung disease development | 121 (74.7) |
No development | 41 (25.3) |
Disease status change | |
Exacerbation of existing disease | 22 (13.6) |
Development of different disease | 140 (86.4) |
HD exposure characteristics a | |
Exposure proximity | |
<1 m | 132 (85.7) |
≥1 m | 22 (14.3) |
Exposure direction | |
Toward the face | 136 (87.2) |
Toward the other sides | 20 (12.8) |
Daily exposure time | |
<24 h | 51 (35.9) |
24 h (whole day) | 91 (64.1) |
Exposure duration (month) | 29.52 ± 32.99 |
Cumulative exposure time (h) | 14,642.88 ± 19,871.96 |
Indoor air concentration b (μg/m3) | 547.99 ± 662.20 |
Characteristics | Exacerbation of Existing Disease (n = 22) | Development of Different Disease (n = 140) | p- Value a |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) b | 34.76 ± 26.30 | 56.28 ± 24.51 | <0.001 |
≤6 | 6 (28.6) | 11 (8.1) | <0.001 |
7–19 | 2 (9.5) | 6 (4.4) | |
20–64 | 11 (52.4) | 51 (37.5) | |
≥65 | 2 (9.5) | 68 (50.0) | |
Sex | 0.986 | ||
Male | 13 (59.1) | 83 (59.3) | |
Female | 9 (40.9) | 57 (40.7) | |
Survival status | 0.976 | ||
Survivor | 7 (31.8) | 45 (32.1) | |
Death | 15 (68.2) | 95 (67.9) | |
Cigarette smoking b | 0.292 | ||
Never smoker | 16 (72.7) | 85 (61.2) | |
Former smoker | 5 (22.7) | 51 (36.7) | |
Current smoker | 1 (4.5) | 3 (2.2) | |
Education level b | 0.612 | ||
≤Elementary school | 5 (26.3) | 54 (40.3) | |
Middle school | 3 (15.8) | 22 (16.4) | |
High school | 7 (36.8) | 35 (26.1) | |
≥College | 4 (21.1) | 23 (17.2) | |
Exposure prior to hospitalization | <0.001 | ||
Ever | 13 (59.1) | 21 (15.0) | |
Non (first exposure during hospitalization) | 9 (40.9) | 119 (85.0) | |
Disease after hospitalization | 0.450 | ||
Lung disease development | 15 (68.2) | 106 (75.7) | |
Not development | 7 (31.8) | 34 (24.3) | |
HD exposure characteristics b | |||
Exposure proximity | 0.523 | ||
<1 m | 18 (81.8) | 114 (86.4) | |
≥1 m | 4 (18.2) | 18 (13.6) | |
Exposure direction | 1.000 | ||
Toward the face | 19 (86.4) | 117 (87.3) | |
Toward the other sides | 3 (13.6) | 17 (12.7) | |
Daily exposure time | 0.665 | ||
<24 h | 11 (50.0) | 40 (33.3) | |
24 h (whole day) | 11 (50.0) | 80 (66.7) | |
Exposure duration (month) | 30.35 ± 34.66 | 24.68 ± 20.69 | 0.297 |
Cumulative exposure time (h) | 11,772.0 ± 11,148.70 | 15,227.7 ± 21,205.10 | 0.275 |
Indoor air concentration c (μg/m3) | 524.7 ± 690.80 | 637.7 ± 553.10 | 0.588 |
Characteristics | Hospital Exposure only (n = 142) | Non-Hospital Exposure only (n = 5699) | p-Value a |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) b | 60.31 ± 21.62 | 32.29 ± 25.29 | <0.001 |
≤6 | 11 (7.8) | 1980 (34.7) | <0.001 |
7–19 | 5 (3.5) | 302 (5.3) | |
20–64 | 49 (34.5) | 2724 (47.8) | |
≥65 | 77 (54.2) | 693 (12.2) | |
Sex | 0.229 | ||
Male | 82 (59.1) | 2916 (51.2) | |
Female | 60 (40.9) | 2754 (48.3) | |
Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 29 (0.5) | |
Survival status | <0.001 | ||
Survivor | 50 (35.2) | 4600 (80.7) | |
Death | 92 (64.8) | 1099 (19.3) | |
Cigarette smoking b | <0.001 | ||
Never smoker | 12 (9.2) | 216 (4.3) | |
Former smoker | 47 (35.9) | 1000 (20.1) | |
Current smoker | 72 (55.0) | 3760 (75.6) | |
Education level b | 0.001 | ||
≤Elementary school | 52 (44.8) | 1533 (34.0) | |
Middle school | 17 (14.7) | 484 (10.7) | |
High school | 31 (26.7) | 1055 (23.4) | |
≥College | 16 (13.8) | 1436 (31.9) | |
HD exposure characteristics b | <0.001 | ||
Exposure proximity | |||
<1 m | 108 (87.1) | 3751 (66.7) | |
≥1 m | 16 (12.9) | 1871 (33.3) | <0.001 |
Exposure direction | |||
Toward the face | 110 (85.9) | 3790 (68.4) | |
Toward the other sides | 18 (14.1) | 1748 (31.6) | |
Daily exposure time | <0.001 | ||
<24 h | 21 (18.8) | 4597 (82.8) | |
24 h (whole day) | 91 (81.3) | 953 (17.2) | |
Exposure duration (month) | 14.01 ± 26.75 | 29.25 ± 29.39 | <0.001 |
Cumulative exposure time (h) | 7601.40 ± 16,658.30 | 10,193.20 ± 13,487.80 | 0.116 |
Indoor air concentration c (μg/m3) | 314.40 ± 249.50 | 956.00 ± 4017.30 | <0.001 |
Adjusted indoor air concentration d (μg/m3) | 8490.7 ± 7116.2 | 3933.4 ± 12,115.8 | 0.012 |
Adjusted indoor air concentration e (μg/m3) | 3438 ± 2798.1 | 1977.4 ± 5791.7 | 0.037 |
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Lee, S.; Han, K.; Yoon, J.; Jo, E.-K.; Yang, W.; Choi, Y.-H. New-Onset and Exacerbation of Lung Diseases after Short-Term Exposures to Humidifier Disinfectant during Hospitalization. Toxics 2022, 10, 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070371
Lee S, Han K, Yoon J, Jo E-K, Yang W, Choi Y-H. New-Onset and Exacerbation of Lung Diseases after Short-Term Exposures to Humidifier Disinfectant during Hospitalization. Toxics. 2022; 10(7):371. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070371
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Seula, Kyunghee Han, Jeonggyo Yoon, Eun-Kyung Jo, Wonho Yang, and Yoon-Hyeong Choi. 2022. "New-Onset and Exacerbation of Lung Diseases after Short-Term Exposures to Humidifier Disinfectant during Hospitalization" Toxics 10, no. 7: 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070371
APA StyleLee, S., Han, K., Yoon, J., Jo, E.-K., Yang, W., & Choi, Y.-H. (2022). New-Onset and Exacerbation of Lung Diseases after Short-Term Exposures to Humidifier Disinfectant during Hospitalization. Toxics, 10(7), 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070371