An Investigation into Which Methods Best Explain Children’s Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Personal PM2.5 Monitoring and Sampling Methods
2.2. Laboratory Analyses of Hopanes
2.3. Proxy Methods for TRAP Exposure
2.4. Factors of Personal Activity and Home Characteristics
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Demographics, Personal Activity, and Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor NO2 Levels
3.2. Hopane Concentrations, Seasonality, and Ratios
3.3. Relationships between Personal Hopane Measures and Typical TRAP Proxy Measures
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Winter | Summer | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 5 | 9 |
Male | 12 | 16 | |
Age | 10 | 5 | 8 |
11 | 6 | 10 | |
12 | 6 | 7 | |
Ethnicity | Caucasian | 16 | 23 |
Other | 1 | 2 | |
Home Type | Detached | 14 | 21 |
Other | 3 | 4 | |
Heat Type | Forced Air | 16 | 23 |
Hot Water | 1 | 2 | |
Stove Type * | Electric | 12 | 17 |
Natural Gas | 5 | 7 | |
Temperature (°C) | Mean (Std Dev) | 0 (3) | 23(2) |
Season | Microenvironment | Descriptive Stats (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std.Dev | Min | Median | Max | ||
winter (n = 17) | indoors away from home | 5 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 14 |
indoors at home | 68 | 5 | 59 | 68 | 76 | |
outdoors away from home | 4 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 8 | |
outdoors at home | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | |
at school | 19 | 3 | 13 | 19 | 23 | |
in transit | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 6 | |
summer (n = 25) | indoors away from home | 9 | 9 | 0 | 7 | 27 |
indoors at home | 77 | 10 | 58 | 77 | 100 | |
outdoors away from home | 5 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 19 | |
outdoors at home | 6 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 19 | |
at school | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
in transit | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 11 |
Season | Environment | r | (ppb) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal | Indoor | Outdoor | Mean | Sd | Min | Median | Max | ||
winter (n = 17) | personal | 1 | 0.74 | −0.09 | 12.6 | 4.5 | 7.3 | 11.3 | 22.6 |
indoor | 1 | 0.06 | 11.1 | 6.8 | 4.5 | 8.7 | 30.8 | ||
outdoor | 1 | 21.0 | 4.8 | 9.8 | 21.6 | 30.5 | |||
summer (n = 25) | personal | 1 | 0.75 | 0.22 | 8.0 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 7.0 | 16.8 |
indoor | 1 | 0.32 | 7.9 | 4.7 | 1.0 | 7.0 | 20.2 | ||
outdoor | 1 | 12.8 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 13.5 | 24.4 |
Season | Hopane | r | (ng/m3) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H17a | a_b_nor | a_b_hop | H22S | H22R | Mean | SD | Min | Median | Max | ||
winter (n = 17) | H17a * | 1 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.71 | 67.3 | 31.3 | 28.5 | 61.1 | 150.8 |
a_b_nor | 1 | 0.97 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 179.2 | 72.3 | 92.1 | 155.7 | 346.8 | ||
a_b_hop | 1 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 157.0 | 59.5 | 88.1 | 143.3 | 319.1 | |||
H22S | 1 | 0.88 | 75.7 | 28.7 | 39.9 | 65.6 | 149.8 | ||||
H22R | 1 | 50.3 | 20.3 | 19.4 | 49.4 | 102.8 | |||||
summer (n = 25) | H17a * | 1 | 0.85 | 0.75 | 0.66 | 0.60 | 45.5 | 21.5 | 13.7 | 42.7 | 96.9 |
a_b_nor | 1 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 169.5 | 85.1 | 39.9 | 164.9 | 457.1 | ||
a_b_hop | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 161.2 | 109.5 | 32.4 | 126.8 | 599.6 | |||
H22S | 1 | 0.97 | 80.9 | 51.7 | 12.7 | 68.9 | 236.2 | ||||
H22R | 1 | 54.7 | 37.3 | 5.6 | 43.0 | 176.8 |
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Van Ryswyk, K.; Wheeler, A.J.; Grgicak-Mannion, A.; Xu, X.; Curran, J.; Caravaggio, G.; Hall, A.; MacDonald, P.; Brook, J.R. An Investigation into Which Methods Best Explain Children’s Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution. Toxics 2022, 10, 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060284
Van Ryswyk K, Wheeler AJ, Grgicak-Mannion A, Xu X, Curran J, Caravaggio G, Hall A, MacDonald P, Brook JR. An Investigation into Which Methods Best Explain Children’s Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution. Toxics. 2022; 10(6):284. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060284
Chicago/Turabian StyleVan Ryswyk, Keith, Amanda J. Wheeler, Alice Grgicak-Mannion, Xiaohong Xu, Jason Curran, Gianni Caravaggio, Ajae Hall, Penny MacDonald, and Jeffrey R. Brook. 2022. "An Investigation into Which Methods Best Explain Children’s Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution" Toxics 10, no. 6: 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060284