Vanadium Toxicity Monitored by Fertilization Outcomes and Metal Related Proteolytic Activities in Paracentrotus lividus Embryos
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Gamete Collection
2.2. Sodium Orthovanadate Stock Solution Preparation
2.3. Fertilization Test
2.4. Embryo Cultures and V Treatments
2.5. Gelatin Zymography by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. V Reduces the Fertilization Rate and Increases Fertilized Egg Anomalies
3.2. V Perturbs the Proteolytic Activities of Gelatinases
3.3. Relative Gelatinase Activities
3.4. Gelatinase Characterization Using Chemical Inhibitors
4. Discussion
4.1. V Effects on Fertilization Outcomes in a Dose Dependent Manner
4.2. Modulation of Gelatinase Activity Induced by V in Sea Urchin Embryos
4.3. V Induces the Activation of Two MMP-like Gelatinases
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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V Concentrations | TI |
---|---|
1 mM | 0.8 |
500 µM | 0.7 |
100 µM | 0.6 |
50 µM | 0.4 |
1 µM | 0.2 |
500 nM | 0.04 |
100 nM | 0.04 |
50 nM | 0.02 |
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Chiarelli, R.; Martino, C.; Roccheri, M.C.; Geraci, F. Vanadium Toxicity Monitored by Fertilization Outcomes and Metal Related Proteolytic Activities in Paracentrotus lividus Embryos. Toxics 2022, 10, 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020083
Chiarelli R, Martino C, Roccheri MC, Geraci F. Vanadium Toxicity Monitored by Fertilization Outcomes and Metal Related Proteolytic Activities in Paracentrotus lividus Embryos. Toxics. 2022; 10(2):83. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020083
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiarelli, Roberto, Chiara Martino, Maria Carmela Roccheri, and Fabiana Geraci. 2022. "Vanadium Toxicity Monitored by Fertilization Outcomes and Metal Related Proteolytic Activities in Paracentrotus lividus Embryos" Toxics 10, no. 2: 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020083