Moss Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Pollution with Trace Elements in the Moscow Region, Russia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Studied Area
2.2. Sampling and Chemical Analysis
2.3. Data Evaluation
2.4. Pollution Indices
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Factor Analysis
3.2. Pollution Indices
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | SRMs | Concentrations, ppm | Uncertainties, % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Determined | Certified | Determined | Certified | ||
Na | 2709a | 11,934 | 12,200 | 7.8 | 2.5 |
Mg | 1575a | 1345 | 1060 | 7.6 | 16 |
Al | 1632c | 8896 | 9150 | 6.3 | 1.5 |
Cl | 1575a | 417 | 421 | 3.4 | 1.7 |
K | 1632c | 1590 | 1100 | 2.3 | 3 |
Ca | 1575a | 2427 | 2500 | 8.2 | 4 |
Sc | 1632c | 2.92 | 2.91 | 3.2 | 1.2 |
V | 1632c | 17.3 | 23.7 | 5.9 | 2.2 |
Cr | 1632c | 15.23 | 13.73 | 8.5 | 1.5 |
Mn | 1632c | 13.8 | 13.04 | 9.4 | 4 |
Fe | 2709a | 32,595 | 33,600 | 5.5 | 2.1 |
Co | 2709a | 12.3 | 12.8 | 5.3 | 1.6 |
Ni | 2709a | 10.8 | 9.32 | 8.8 | 5.5 |
Zn | 1632c | 11.7 | 12.1 | 9.4 | 10.7 |
As | FFA1 | 53.4 | 53.6 | 5.4 | 5 |
Se | 1632c | 1.3 | 1.3 | 43 | 5.4 |
Br | 1632c | 20.8 | 18.7 | 4.4 | 2.1 |
Rb | 2709a | 96.6 | 99 | 6.6 | 3 |
Sr | 1632c | 63.1 | 63.8 | 7.7 | 2.2 |
Sb | FFA1 | 17.9 | 17.6 | 6.1 | 14.2 |
Cs | FFA1 | 46.5 | 48.2 | 3.7 | 5.4 |
Ba | 1632c | 43.5 | 41.1 | 4.4 | 3.9 |
La | 2709a | 20.9 | 21.7 | 7.4 | 1.8 |
Ce | 1632c | 12.2 | 11.9 | 7.2 | 1.7 |
Sm | FFA1 | 10.2 | 10.9 | 9.1 | 5.5 |
Tb | FFA1 | 1.365 | 1.38 | 4.1 | 10.1 |
Hf | FFA1 | 7.75 | 6.09 | 5.5 | 7.4 |
Ta | FFA1 | 1.83 | 2.11 | 3.2 | 7.6 |
W | FFA1 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 10.5 |
Th | 2709a | 9.97 | 10.9 | 4.8 | 1.8 |
U | FFA1 | 13.6 | 15.1 | 3.9 | 5.3 |
Cd | IC-INCT-OBTL-5 | 2.5 | 2.64 | 5.5 | 5.3 |
Pb | IC-INCT-OBTL-5 | 1.94 | 2.01 | 7.2 | 15.4 |
Cu | IC-INCT-OBTL-5 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 4.3 | 4.0 |
Element | Range | Median | Mean ± st.dev | Q1 | Q3 | CV (%) | Percentile 90 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na | 85–508 | 155 | 177 ± 76 | 126 | 202 | 43.0 | 296.6 |
Mg | 166–2970 | 1790 | 1762 ± 498 | 1460 | 2070 | 28.3 | 2418 |
Al | 108–2990 | 853 | 993 ± 487 | 656 | 1190 | 49.1 | 1648 |
Cl | 9.6–284 | 85.0 | 87 ± 55 | 54.0 | 112 | 63.1 | 146 |
K | 493–14,300 | 7230 | 7388 ± 1824 | 6110 | 8390 | 24.7 | 9690 |
Ca | 727–9050 | 4480 | 4611 ± 1490 | 3610 | 5670 | 32.3 | 6610 |
Sc | 0.06–0.52 | 0.17 | 0.20 ± 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 47.8 | 0.34 |
V | 0.32–5.3 | 1.90 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 1.44 | 2.50 | 44.1 | 3.28 |
Cr | 1.01–7.5 | 2.63 | 3.1 ± 1.4 | 2.10 | 3.80 | 45.7 | 5.17 |
Mn | 0.46–1540 | 449 | 462 ± 258 | 293 | 577 | 55.9 | 748.6 |
Fe | 254–2270 | 690 | 784 ± 380 | 531 | 941 | 48.5 | 1304 |
Co | 0.11–1.07 | 0.38 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.28 | 0.52 | 47.2 | 0.72 |
Ni | 0.46–6.3 | 2.87 | 3.05 ± 1.28 | 2.20 | 3.90 | 42.1 | 5.00 |
Zn | 1.3–145 | 57.0 | 62.5 ± 23.4 | 47.0 | 75.0 | 37.5 | 89.6 |
As | 0.03–0.49 | 0.18 | 0.20 ± 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 40.6 | 0.29 |
Se | 0.04–0.36 | 0.17 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 31.9 | 0.24 |
Br | 1.07–4.4 | 2.26 | 2.37 ± 0.66 | 1.90 | 2.80 | 28.0 | 3.40 |
Rb | 0.14–39.5 | 13.8 | 16.48 ± 9.5 | 8.60 | 23.5 | 57.7 | 31.9 |
Sr | 4.2–30.5 | 15.3 | 15.8 ± 5.5 | 12.3 | 19.4 | 35.0 | 23.0 |
Sb | 0.0048–1.13 | 0.23 | 0.27 ± 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.34 | 64.7 | 0.50 |
Cs | 0.0062–0.47 | 0.14 | 0.16 ± 0.08 | 0.097 | 0.20 | 49.3 | 0.28 |
Ba | 3.1–113 | 44.0 | 46.1 ± 22.1 | 29.0 | 59.0 | 47.9 | 79.8 |
La | 0.19–1.76 | 0.54 | 0.63 ± 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.73 | 51.1 | 1.12 |
Ce | 0.27–3.4 | 1.20 | 1.37 ± 0.63 | 0.91 | 1.70 | 46.0 | 2.29 |
Sm | 0.028–0.24 | 0.08 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.064 | 0.11 | 47.2 | 0.16 |
Tb | 0.0015–0.04 | 0.013 | 0.014 ± 0.007 | 0.0096 | 0.016 | 47.1 | 0.025 |
Hf | 0.02–0.61 | 0.13 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 58.9 | 0.28 |
Ta | 0.0018–0.06 | 0.016 | 0.018 ± 0.0095 | 0.012 | 0.022 | 52.9 | 0.032 |
W | 0.04–1.13 | 0.18 | 0.22 ± 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 78.2 | 0.44 |
Th | 0.04–0.44 | 0.14 | 0.16 ± 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 48.0 | 0.29 |
U | 0.0029–0.16 | 0.052 | 0.057 ± 0.027 | 0.039 | 0.066 | 47.3 | 0.097 |
Cd | 0.08–0.54 | 0.24 | 0.25 ± 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 37.0 | 0.39 |
Pb | 1.33–14 | 4.82 | 5.28 ± 2.71 | 3.29 | 6.44 | 51.3 | 8.99 |
Cu | 3.03–43 | 7.61 | 8.23 ± 3.81 | 6.26 | 9.41 | 46.3 | 11.6 |
Ref. | Moscow Region (Present Work) | Moscow Region (Vergel et al. 2019) | Moscow Region (Vergel et al. 2009) | Vladimir Region (Vergel et al. 2014) | Yaroslavl Region | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
156 (present study) | 39 [3] | 34 [4] | 73 [10] | 53 [10] | ||||||
Element | MD | Range | MD | Range | MD | Range | MD | Range | MD | Range |
Na | 155 | 85–508 | 230 | 71–726 | 240 | 87–1716 | 128 | 75–942 | 98 | 56–290 |
Mg | 1790 | 166–2970 | 1860 | 1010–4970 | 1963 | 364–5412 | 1910 | 1020–3030 | 1370 | 880–2150 |
Al | 0.09 | 0.011–0.3 | 0.12 | 0.045–0.69 | 0.08 | 0.03–0.92 | 0.065 | 0.019–0.23 | 0.05 | 0.033–0.17 |
Cl | 85 | 10–284 | 108 | 47–1040 | 182 | 54–815 | 68 | 9–434 | 68 | 39–200 |
K | 0.72 | 0.05–1.43 | 0.85 | 0.23–1.7 | 1.08 | 0.55–2.26 | 0.47 | 0.47–1.4 | 0.63 | 0.44–0.9 |
Ca | 0.45 | 0.07–0.91 | 0.47 | 0.24–0.9 | 0.35 | 0.12–0.92 | 0.21 | 0.21–0.78 | 0.34 | 0.2–0.53 |
Sc | 0.17 | 0.06–0.52 | 0.26 | 0.08–1.3 | 0.16 | 0.036–2 | 0.06 | 0.06–0.59 | 0.14 | 0.06–0.31 |
Ti | – | – | 146 | 35–1050 | – | – | – | – | 68 | 20–141 |
V | 1.9 | 0.32–5.3 | 2.5 | 0.94–11 | 2.3 | 0.68–13 | 1.9 | 0.95–6.3 | 1.7 | 0.8–8 |
Cr | 2.63 | 1.01–7.5 | 3.2 | 0.72–9.5 | 3.1 | 0.51–22 | 2.5 | 1.3–7 | 1.8 | 0.39–5.8 |
Mn | 449 | 0.46–1540 | 347 | 76–848 | 405 | 43–1222 | 431 | 118–931 | 382 | 48–964 |
Fe | 0.07 | 0.025–0.23 | 0.1 | 0.03–0.34 | 0.08 | 0.02–0.57 | 0.05 | 0.025–0.16 | 0.047 | 0.023–0.11 |
Co | 0.38 | 0.11–1.07 | 0.56 | 0.14–2.1 | 0.34 | 0.04–2.1 | 0.38 | 0.18–0.86 | 0.29 | 0.13–0.87 |
Ni | 2.87 | 0.46–6.3 | 3.2 | 0.66–8.4 | 2.4 | 0.83–9 | 2.8 | 1.24–5.7 | 1.83 | 0.8–6.5 |
Cu | 7.61 | 3.03–43 | 7.1 | 2.9–21 | – | – | 6.1 | 4.3–9.3 | 5.8 | 3.7–10 |
Zn | 57 | 1.3–145 | 50 | 21–159 | 51 | 21–115 | 48 | 32–98 | 34 | 23–169 |
As | 0.18 | 0.03–0.49 | 0.32 | 0.12–1.1 | 0.19 | 0.04–0.89 | 0.16 | 0.01–0.5 | 0.46 | 0.23–1.0 |
Se | 0.17 | 0.04–0.36 | 0.16 | 0.09–0.4 | 0.18 | 0.005–0.6 | – | – | 0.19 | 0.08–1.1 |
Br | 2.26 | 1.07–4.4 | 1.9 | 0.7–5.1 | 1.7 | 0.7–5.1 | 2.2 | 1.1–5 | 3.1 | 1.98–4.45 |
Rb | 13.8 | 0.14–40 | 19 | 7.5–36 | 17 | 7.4–65 | 11 | 3.7–50 | 15 | 4.65–71 |
Sr | 15.3 | 4.2–31 | 17 | 5.6–32 | 17 | 7.7–50 | 13 | 6.1–66 | 11 | 6.2–23 |
Mo | – | – | 0.18 | 0.06–1.9 | 0.37 | 0.18–1 | – | – | – | – |
Cd | 0.24 | 0.08–0.54 | 0.3 | 0.12–0.67 | – | – | 0.29 | 0.14–0.67 | 0.15 | 0.082–0.43 |
Sb | 0.23 | 0.005–1.13 | 0.3 | 0.045–1.5 | 0.22 | 0.08–0.96 | 0.15 | 0.073–0.43 | 0.11 | 0.06–0.29 |
I | – | – | 1.5 | 0.36–2.4 | – | – | – | – | 0.5 | 0.2–0.78 |
Cs | 0.14 | 0.006–0.47 | 0.18 | 0.1–0.7 | 0.16 | 0.06–0.62 | 0.12 | 0.06–0.4 | 0.1 | 0.05–0.35 |
Ba | 44 | 3.1–113 | 48 | 7.5–188 | 48 | 7.3–203 | 36 | 5.5–93 | 30 | 2.34–218 |
La | 0.54 | 0.19–1.76 | 0.84 | 0.26–4.2 | 0.67 | 0.12–8.5 | 0.44 | 0.17–2.6 | 0.4 | 0.2–2.1 |
Ce | 1.2 | 0.27–3.4 | 1.6 | 0.57–7.5 | 2.1 | 0.07–25 | 1.0 | 0.49–4.4 | 0.72 | 0.32–2.1 |
Sm | 0.08 | 0.03–0.24 | 0.13 | 0.04–0.72 | 0.12 | 0.019–1.4 | 0.056 | 0.03–0.39 | 0.05 | 0.025–0.16 |
Tb | 0.013 | 0.001–0.04 | 0.02 | 0.005–0.1 | 0.013 | 0.002–0.19 | 0.01 | 0.004–0.05 | 0.008 | 0.003–0.02 |
Hf | 0.13 | 0.02–0.61 | 0.29 | 0.068–2.4 | 0.15 | 0.026–2.7 | 0.09 | 0.017–0.6 | 0.07 | 0.0005–0.2 |
W | 0.18 | 0.04–1.13 | 0.47 | 0.11–200 | 0.35 | 0.08–0.78 | 0.1 | 0.02–0.53 | – | 0.04–0.28 |
Pb | 4.82 | 1.33–14 | 0.67 | 0.12–2.2 | – | – | 4.2 | 1.9–8.8 | 2.8 | 0.003–0.07 |
Th | 0.14 | 0.04–0.44 | 0.23 | 0.067–1.5 | 0.19 | 0.036–2.6 | 0.11 | 0.03–0.7 | 0.1 | 1.2–9.5 |
U | 0.052 | 0.003–0.16 | 0.08 | 0.01–0.19 | 0.08 | 0.008–0.6 | 0.04 | 0.01–0.17 | 0.029 | 0.058–0.25 |
Element | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na | 0.82 | 0.40 | −0.01 | 0.09 | 0.13 |
Mg | 0.12 | 0.04 | −0.32 | 0.06 | 0.81 |
Al | 0.72 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.52 |
Ca | 0.14 | 0.13 | −0.20 | 0.06 | 0.86 |
Sc | 0.88 | 0.41 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.12 |
V | 0.60 | −0.01 | 0.35 | 0.17 | 0.49 |
Cr | 0.63 | 0.56 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.11 |
Fe | 0.75 | 0.57 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.09 |
Co | 0.52 | 0.64 | −0.01 | 0.08 | 0.19 |
Ni | 0.56 | 0.52 | −0.20 | 0.26 | 0.03 |
Zn | 0.14 | −0.05 | 0.09 | 0.74 | 0.14 |
As | 0.77 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.15 | −0.02 |
Rb | −0.18 | 0.12 | 0.82 | 0.03 | −0.23 |
Sb | 0.49 | 0.70 | 0.18 | 0.16 | −0.01 |
Cs | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.83 | 0.02 | −0.15 |
La | 0.92 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.10 |
Ce | 0.87 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.15 |
Sm | 0.93 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.12 |
Tb | 0.88 | 0.26 | −0.12 | 0.16 | 0.08 |
Hf | 0.84 | 0.02 | −0.21 | 0.12 | 0.20 |
Ta | 0.83 | 0.33 | −0.10 | 0.12 | 0.07 |
W | 0.49 | 0.75 | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
Th | 0.92 | 0.26 | −0.02 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
U | 0.88 | 0.32 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.07 |
Cd | 0.45 | 0.05 | −0.33 | 0.55 | 0.04 |
Pb | 0.42 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.67 | −0.18 |
Cu | 0.00 | 0.36 | −0.06 | 0.70 | 0.09 |
Prp.Totl | 0.43 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Element | Mean | SD | Element | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mg | 1.07 | 0.30 | As | 1.59 | 0.64 |
Al | 1.47 | 0.72 | Rb | 0.97 | 0.56 |
Ca | 0.97 | 0.31 | Sb | 1.90 | 1.23 |
V | 1.48 | 0.65 | Cs | 0.97 | 0.48 |
Cr | 1.31 | 0.60 | W | 1.58 | 1.23 |
Fe | 1.34 | 0.65 | Cd | 1.58 | 0.58 |
Co | 1.06 | 0.50 | Pb | 1.64 | 0.84 |
Ni | 1.50 | 0.63 | Cu | 1.33 | 0.62 |
Zn | 1.52 | 0.57 | PLI | 1.12 | 0.17 |
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Vergel, K.; Zinicovscaia, I.; Yushin, N.; Chaligava, O.; Nekhoroshkov, P.; Grozdov, D. Moss Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Pollution with Trace Elements in the Moscow Region, Russia. Toxics 2022, 10, 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020066
Vergel K, Zinicovscaia I, Yushin N, Chaligava O, Nekhoroshkov P, Grozdov D. Moss Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Pollution with Trace Elements in the Moscow Region, Russia. Toxics. 2022; 10(2):66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020066
Chicago/Turabian StyleVergel, Konstantin, Inga Zinicovscaia, Nikita Yushin, Omari Chaligava, Pavel Nekhoroshkov, and Dmitrii Grozdov. 2022. "Moss Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Pollution with Trace Elements in the Moscow Region, Russia" Toxics 10, no. 2: 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020066