Environmental Hazards of Nanobiomaterials (Hydroxyapatite-Based NMs)—A Case Study with Folsomia candida—Effects from Long Term Exposure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Organisms
2.2. Test Soil
2.3. Test Materials, Synthesis and Characterization
2.4. Spiking Procedure
2.5. Test Procedure
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Materials’ Characterization
3.2. Toxicity Tests
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test Material | Composition | Size | Surface Charge (mV) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DLS (nm) | X-ray sedimen-tography (μm) | ELS ζ potential | ||
Sigma-HA | n/a | 2441 | n/a | 1.35 |
CaP-HA | Ca = 34 a, P = 16 a, Ca/P =1.64 a (mol/mol) | 320 | d90 = 1.83 b, d50 = 1.22 b, d10 = 0.38 b | −19.6 |
Fe-HA | Ca = 23 a, P = 15 a, Fe = 10 a, (Ca + Fe)/P= 1.64 a (mol/mol) | 164 | d90 = 1.45, d50 = 1.16, d10 = 0.87 | −19.3 |
Ti-HA | Ca= 37 a, P = 14.6 a, Ti = 4.5 a, (Ca + Ti)/(P + Ti)= 1.49 mol/mol a. | 242 | d90 = 1.54, d50 = 0.29 | −9.11 |
Ti-HA-Alg | Ca/P = 1.60 mol a; (Ca + Ti)/(P + Ti)= 1.49 mol/mol a; Ti/Ca = 15 (mol%) a. Ti/P = 23.2 (mol%) a. HA: Alg= 90:10 b | n/a | n/a | n/a |
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Guimarães, B.; Gomes, S.I.L.; Campodoni, E.; Sandri, M.; Sprio, S.; Blosi, M.; Costa, A.L.; Amorim, M.J.B.; Scott-Fordsmand, J.J. Environmental Hazards of Nanobiomaterials (Hydroxyapatite-Based NMs)—A Case Study with Folsomia candida—Effects from Long Term Exposure. Toxics 2022, 10, 704. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110704
Guimarães B, Gomes SIL, Campodoni E, Sandri M, Sprio S, Blosi M, Costa AL, Amorim MJB, Scott-Fordsmand JJ. Environmental Hazards of Nanobiomaterials (Hydroxyapatite-Based NMs)—A Case Study with Folsomia candida—Effects from Long Term Exposure. Toxics. 2022; 10(11):704. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110704
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuimarães, Bruno, Susana I. L. Gomes, Elisabetta Campodoni, Monica Sandri, Simone Sprio, Magda Blosi, Anna L. Costa, Mónica J. B. Amorim, and Janeck J. Scott-Fordsmand. 2022. "Environmental Hazards of Nanobiomaterials (Hydroxyapatite-Based NMs)—A Case Study with Folsomia candida—Effects from Long Term Exposure" Toxics 10, no. 11: 704. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110704